----------------------------Original message---------------------------- Reinventing Access to Federal Government Information Report of the Conference on the Future of Federal Government Information Chicago, Illinois October 29-31, 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 PART I, REINVENTING ACCESS TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Mission and Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Mission Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Underlying Values . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Statement of Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Current State of the Federal Depository Library Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Historic Principles of the Program. . . . 7 Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Framework for a Model Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program. . . . . 9 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Responsibilities of Program Partners. . . 9 Organizational Framework. . . . . . . . . 11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PART II, REVITALIZATION OF THE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARY PROGRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Recommendations for the Government Printing Office. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Recommendations for Depository Libraries . . . 15 APPENDIX A, LIST OF CONFERENCE COORDINATORS, FACILITATORS, AND EDITORS. . . . . . . . . . . 17 APPENDIX B, CHICAGO CONFERENCE COORDINATING COMMITTEE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 APPENDIX C, LIST OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS . . . . 19 PREFACE For over 150 years, small businesses, entrepreneurs, students, teachers, researchers, state and local government officials, voters, veterans, and the general public have benefitted from a program that provides Federal information to the American people at no fee. The Federal Depository Library Program, operating on a modest budget, has achieved great success by reaching people in every Congressional District. The continuing effectiveness of this long-standing Program and the public's access to government information are now in jeopardy. Fiscal pressures and the swift transition to electronic information dissemination have strained the ability of Federal agencies, depository libraries, and users to identify, locate, and use government information. It was a commitment to public access that drew together 160 documents librarians and information specialists in a concerted effort to develop a vision for the Future of Federal Government Information. This working conference was prompted by the proliferation of electronic Federal information, the opportunities for access with a new National Information Infrastructure, and the budgetary pressures and related organizational issues facing libraries and disseminators of government information. The group gathered in Chicago to: * Articulate a vision for dissemination of Federal government information. * Develop strategies for the immediate revitalization of the Federal Depository Library Program. * Identify methods to enhance the role of librarians in the life cycle (creation, dissemination, access, use, evaluation, and preservation) of government information. Conference participants represented all types of depository libraries and government information service providers; librarians from public, academic, law, state, agency, and other libraries attended. In addition, members of major library organizations actively contributed throughout the entire process. This report reflects the participants' diverse backgrounds and their common commitment to insuring the public's right to no- fee and unrestricted access to Federal government information. The following report identifies the mission and goals of an effective and responsive system for the dissemination and use of public information, reviews the history of and recent developments affecting the existing Federal Depository Library Program, outlines the responsibilities of each partner in a new Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program, and offers suggestions and tactics for improving public access to Federal government information in the near term. Lists of conference participants, their conference assignments, and institutional affiliations are also provided. It is our hope that this report will stimulate discussion and provide a user-oriented perspective on the issues surrounding public access to Federal government information. As administrative and legislative initiatives that address these issues circulate, the participants of the Chicago Conference on the Future of Federal Government Information offer this proposal as a model against which those ideas may be considered. While the report specifically addresses the role of libraries in a model Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program, we recognize that the emerging information environment will employ multiple channels for the dissemination of public information. PART I REINVENTING ACCESS TO FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION Mission and Goals Government information is vital to the economic, educational, and political health of the people of the United States. Timely access to Federal information is a fundamental right of the people. It is a primary component of public education, access to basic health and community services, the right to a responsive government, and achieving the public good. Mission Statement The mission of a Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program, offered through cooperating libraries, is to provide and insure equitable, no-fee access to government information in usable and multiple forms to the people of the United States of America. Underlying Values Information collected, created, produced, compiled, and/or maintained by the Federal government (except for material restricted for privacy, national security, or other reasons set forth by law), whatever its form, is public information. Public information belongs to the people, is owned by them, and should be accessible to them. The government holds this information in trust and is obligated to provide access to this information and to guarantee its integrity and preservation. Democracy requires an informed citizenry; access to government information is necessary for the preservation of democracy. In order to promote a knowledgeable and informed populace, access to government information must not be restricted by administrative barriers, geographic location, or ability to pay. Government information: * supports education, research, scientific, and technological progress; * improves public decision-making for economic and democratic development and well-being; * assists the public in protecting and pursuing societal goals such as health, safety, security, and a clean environment; and * enables citizens to discharge their civic responsibilities as guaranteed by the Constitution and the laws of the nation. Government creates, collects, maintains, and disseminates government information. Congress appropriates public funds for these purposes. Government must safeguard access to public information by prohibiting exclusive contracts, privatization of government information, and the application of copyright to government information. It also is responsible for facilitating identification of and access to government information through coordinated systems of intellectual access (for example, through catalogs or locator systems) and for establishing and maintaining programs to make these information products widely available. Libraries in each State and Congressional District are ideal agents for insuring that government information is readily and widely available. Libraries assist the public in identifying, locating, and using government information. Libraries are uniquely situated and dedicated to providing access to public information. An organized, cooperative program, such as the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program described in this report, would be an efficient and cost-effective mechanism for disseminating government information for both Federal agencies and the public. Except for certain specified exemptions, government information should be made available through such a program. Libraries in each State and Congressional District should be selected to participate in the Program. Federal information products provided through the Program should be available to the general public at no fee. Government agencies and entities producing publicly funded information should comply with all laws and regulations regarding the distribution of information through this Program. A central coordinating government authority must be empowered to effectively execute the Program and to insure compliance by all agencies and entities. Statement of Goals A model Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program should insure public participation in all phases in the life cycle of government information -- creation, dissemination, access, use, evaluation, and preservation. The goals of such a program are: 1. To provide a strong, central, coordinating government authority to manage and coordinate Federal information dissemination and access activities in a manner that balances usability with cost-effectiveness for the public, libraries, and government agencies. This central authority should have statutory authority to enforce agency compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and policies. 2. To provide access through libraries to government information that aids citizens in the discharge of their civic responsibilities and promotes the common good. 3. To include Program participants, such as Federal agencies, libraries, and the public, in the design of government information products and in the development and promotion of standards. 4. To provide access to government information products without restriction by form or by administrative barriers and regardless of an individual's geographic location or ability to pay. 5. To provide access to government information (except that information specifically excluded by statute), in a timely manner and in forms that are both appropriate and functional for the user and cost- effective for government agencies. 6. To provide comprehensive, standardized descriptions of government information products to enable individuals to identify and locate relevant material. 7. To insure the integrity, accuracy, reliability, and archival preservation of information produced by government agencies. 8. To provide government information products through the Program at no charge to libraries in the Program and to all others at no more than the cost of distribution. 9. To promote and coordinate training for librarians and other information providers in the effective management and use of government information products. 10. To facilitate communication among all Program participants, including the central government authority, other Federal agencies, users, vendors, librarians, and other information providers. 11. To evaluate the Program's effectiveness in meeting its mission and goals. The Current State of the Federal Depository Library Program The Federal Depository Library Program provides no-fee public access to government- generated information in a variety of formats, including paper, microform, and electronic, through a network of libraries. Approximately 1,400 libraries located in all fifty states, six territories, and the District of Columbia currently participate. Most depository libraries share resources and expertise through formal and informal networks and in cooperation with regional depository libraries. Together, these libraries attempt to provide both retrospective and comprehensive government information collections and services. History Distribution of Congressional government information to libraries was first authorized by the Act of 1813. In 1857, responsibility for documents distribution was transferred to the Secretary of the Interior, who also was given authority to designate which libraries would receive publications. Representatives and Senators were authorized to designate depository libraries in their district or state in 1858 and 1859. The Superintendent of Documents position was created in the Department of the Interior by the Act of 1869, which also extended depository distribution to include all executive agency publications, except those designed for special use. The Printing Act of 1895 codified all public printing laws. The act transferred the Superintendent of Documents position from the Interior Department to the Government Printing Office, which had been established in 1860. This legislation became the organic printing act, outlining the duties and functions of the Government Printing Office. As described in the New York Daily Tribune in 1894, the Printing Act attempted "to provide for a more intelligent distribution of government publications by placing them in depositories across the country where they will be convenient to access by the public." The Act also laid the groundwork for standardized description and a catalog of government information. The Depository Library Act of 1962 represented the most significant changes in depository library legislation since the 1895 Act. The 1962 Act established a network of regional depository libraries and provided for the inclusion of additional categories of libraries. Since 1962, the law governing the structure and administration of the Depository Library Program has remained virtually unchanged. Historic Principles of the Program Although the depository law has been revised several times over the years, the guiding principles of the Program basically have remained: * with certain specified exemptions, government publications shall be made available to depository libraries; * depository libraries shall be located in each State and Congressional District in order to make government publications widely available; * these government publications shall be available for the free use of the general public; and * the Federal government and the depository library community shall share the responsibilities associated with providing no-fee public access to government information. Recent Developments Fiscal, technological, and policy developments in recent years, including passage of the Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-40), have propelled the depository community into serious consideration of the reorganization of the Program. * Fiscal Constraints The budget for the Superintendent of Documents, which is responsible for the Federal Depository Library Program, has remained relatively constant in the past decade while the cost of producing and distributing information has increased substantially. Budgets of the institutions housing depository collections, including public and state libraries, colleges, universities, and Federal agencies, have also suffered decreased purchasing power; most have suffered actual budget decreases. At the same time, the availability of government information in electronic formats has required libraries to incur significant expenditures for hardware, software, and personnel training in order to provide access to the information. * Technological Developments Federal agencies increasingly use desktop publishing, automated databases, and electronic bulletin boards for information dissemination. While these technologies have increased the amount of information generated by the agencies, their use has often decreased the amount of information available to the public through the Federal Depository Library Program, thus either depriving users of important information or increasing costs to the public as they are forced to turn to commercially produced sources for the same information. In addition, electronically disseminated information is less likely to be subject to intellectual access systems, like catalogs or information locators, and less likely to be included in historical preservation systems. These failings deprive present and future scholars and users of access to important government information. Libraries are also undergoing costly technological changes to meet the needs of their users. As technology has made it possible to retrieve and receive information instantaneously, the demands and expectations of depository library users have increased. Depository librarians must continually develop new services to assist users in an increasingly complex information environment. ~ Policy Developments Congressional administration of Executive branch printing has caused tensions that have resulted in uneven and incomplete access to government information. Federal government information policy has not adequately resolved these jurisdictional concerns, and important agency information products are often not included in the Federal Depository Library Program. The Office of Management and Budget's Circular A-130 (as revised in 1993) encourages Federal agencies to develop electronic information products but does not require that they be included in the Federal Depository Library Program. The Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-40) requires GPO to provide "a system of online access to the Congressional Record, the Federal Register, and . . . other appropriate documents." Except for a pilot project, Congress has appropriated no funds to implement this law. Most recently, the ongoing development of a National Information Infrastructure and issues raised by the National Performance Review present new challenges to the Federal Depository Library Program and offer new opportunities to strengthen and improve public access to government information products. The convergence of the developments outlined above has made it imperative that the depository library community review and restate the mission and goals for a Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program for the 21st century. Ideally, a new program should avoid the deficiencies of the present system, take advantage of current and future information technologies, improve public access to Federal information, and render these services in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Framework for a Model Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program Introduction To provide timely, equitable, and no-fee access to government information to the public, the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program must be a cooperative network of producing agencies, participating libraries, and a central coordinating government authority. The general framework of this Program outlined below is based on the mission and goals presented earlier in this report. Responsibilities of Program Partners Producing agencies: 1. create quality information products in useful formats and offer them to the public through multi- faceted dissemination programs, including the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program; 2. manage the content, design, and production of information products, mindful that the nature and purpose of some information products will limit the range of usable and appropriate formats; 3. solicit and consider input from the public and Program participants in the design of information products; 4. release products in a timely fashion and in sufficient quantities to support the goal of universal access by the public; 5. notify Program participants about existing and planned products; and 6. provide technical support and user training. The central coordinating government authority: 1. identifies, obtains, or provides access to government information products regardless of form, except those specifically excluded by statute; 2. works in a proactive partnership with Federal agencies and other information providers in the information infrastructure; 3. provides comprehensive, standardized descriptions (i.e., catalogs or identification/locator systems), in partnership with other government agencies, for all Federal information products following internationally accepted standards for identification and access; 4. distributes products in a timely fashion and in sufficient quantities to support the goal of universal access to the public; 5. distributes or provides access to government information products, in partnership with other government agencies, to participating libraries at no charge; 6. establishes standards and regulations in cooperation with other government agencies and administers the Program to assure compliance; 7. facilitates communication between Program participants, including Federal agencies, libraries, and the public, in the design of government information products and in the development and promotion of standards; 8. provides avenues for evaluation of the Program, including: a. advisory councils with members from Federal agencies, participating libraries, the public, business and industry, and other users; b. an ombudsman for operational issues and concerns; and c. two-way evaluation of all participants and partners in the Program; 9. participates in a variety of dissemination options and channels, including, but not limited to, the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program; 10. coordinates, maintains, and promotes the sale of Federal information products; 11. assists and coordinates marketing efforts for the Program and information products; 12. insures that all information products within the Program are archived and continue to be accessible, possibly creating, in cooperation with other government agencies, a national collection of last resort that is accessible, properly preserved, well-maintained, and compatible with current and future technology to maintain the usability of electronic products, microforms, and other storage technologies; and 13. requests adequate funding to fulfill its responsibilities. Participating libraries and librarians: 1. provide timely public access to their government information collections and services at no fee to the user; 2. assist users in the identification, location, use, and personal acquisition of government information; 3. share resources with other participating libraries and with nondepository libraries through interlibrary loan, document delivery, referrals, union listing, and electronic networks; 4. commit sufficient resources to support participation in the Program, including sufficient space, equipment, personnel, and commercially produced finding tools; 5. anticipate the government information needs of their local communities and select resources to satisfy those needs as well as the needs of their primary clientele; 6. cooperate in the archival function of the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program; 7. promote their government information services to the local community, targeting nondepository school, public, and special libraries for outreach; 8. meet all procedural and operational guidelines of the Program; 9. select from available government information products those products that best meet the information needs of their constituents and communities; and 10. create and/or use catalogs and/or information locators in a comprehensive system that allow users to identify and locate relevant government information products. Organizational Framework The organization of the Federal Information Dissemination and Access Program includes the designation of participating libraries and the relationships between participating libraries and: (a) other participating libraries, (b) local communities, and (c) the National Information Infrastructure. These relationships should be designed to maximize the visibility and accessibility of government information. * Designation of libraries 1. Libraries in every State and Congressional District should be designated as participating libraries. 2. A number of participating libraries are needed to best meet the needs of rural and urban communities and to achieve the goal of universal access. 3. Participating libraries should be of various types, including public, academic, law, special, and government, and of various sizes to best accommodate the government information needs of diverse clientele and communities. * Organizational and network relationships among participating libraries 1. Geographic clusters or cooperatives of participating libraries should be organized by the libraries themselves to: a. serve community needs by effective and efficient cooperation; b. provide a human connection between electronic information products and the user, particularly the new, infrequent, or unskilled user; c. insure archival collection and historical retention of Federal information products received through the Program; d. secure funding and support; and e. guarantee public access to government information at no fee to users. 2. Participating libraries should develop a coordinated plan in each geographic cluster that would: a. require each participating library to join at least one cooperating cluster of libraries; b. negotiate specific provisions of a formal agreement among cooperating libraries according to local needs and with guidance from the central coordinating government authority; and c. develop guidelines and standards for information dissemination and access services in conjunction with the central coordinating government authority. 3. Relationships and agreements between and among cooperating libraries should provide for flexibility by: a. allowing networks to be comprised of libraries of different types or sizes, subject expertise, specialized services, and/or geographic proximity; b. permitting overlapping cooperative networks to make the best use of each library's strengths; and c. enabling realignments and adjustments to accommodate change as libraries join and/or leave the system. * The Program must have a strong role in the overall information infrastructure to achieve the goals of universal access and public participation. 1. Each participating library is the local community's gateway to government information, a central part of the local community information infrastructure. 2. The Program is an integral component of the National Information Infrastructure, facilitating the means by which the governed and the government communicate effectively. Conclusion Electronic dissemination will be an increasingly significant force in the future of Federal information dissemination and access. While presenting formidable challenges, electronic information also offers new opportunities to allow users, producers, and providers to interact in radically different ways. For users, the response time between information request and delivery will improve, and the amount and variety of information products will increase. For producers, broad and efficient dissemination will result in cost-savings and rapid feedback on information content and usability. The role of librarians will shift from provider to intermediary as users require increasingly sophisticated guidance in navigating a complex information environment. These developments will require a cooperative effort among all parties to insure a successful transition to an electronic environment. The building of a new information infrastructure is a necessary and worthwhile goal for the nation. But the effective and beneficial use of this system will depend upon the availability of skillful navigation. Today and in the future, it requires extensive technical expertise and advanced interpretive skills to provide meaningful information services. The library is and will remain a common and accessible setting where people from all backgrounds and skill levels may obtain the necessary tools and assistance for accessing and using Federal government information. PART II REVITALIZATION OF THE FEDERAL DEPOSITORY LIBRARY PROGRAM Introduction The Federal Depository Library Program is in a period of transition from print-based dissemination to a mix of print and electronic formats. In this rapidly changing environment, the Government Printing Office and depository libraries must take steps in the immediate future to prepare for the increased availability of government information in electronic formats and the implementation of the Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993 (Public Law 103-40). As partners, we must examine how the Government Printing Office and the Federal Depository Library Program deal with multiple forms of information and related issues of production, dissemination, access, and standardized description. Recommendations for the Government Printing Office * Improve communication with government agencies, depository libraries, and other Federal government information providers. 1. Strengthen communication with the publishing agencies through the Federal Publishers Committee to cooperate on product design and to improve existing information products. 2. Coordinate with Federal government agencies to prevent duplication of effort in order to insure dissemination of materials at no fee to the depository community. * Maximize utilization of current and future electronic information networks. 1. Secure Internet connections for the Government Printing Office and Library Programs Service. 2. Facilitate communication among and between depository libraries and the Government Printing Office through statewide or other regional networks or library organizations concerning operational issues. 3. Provide access to electronic government information using network tools such as Gopher, WAIS, and other systems under development. 4. Establish a locator to find, identify, and retrieve government-produced information and actively participate in the development of the Government Information Locator Service. 5. Work with the Depository Library Council and/or other organizations of depository librarians to establish a standing committee to identify publications appropriate for electronic distribution. 6. Cooperate with the Department of Commerce to provide free public access to the FedWorld bulletin board gateway system via depository libraries. 7. Expand procurement of electronic information products available through the Government Printing Office. Make use of existing Government Printing Office licensed software. 8. Provide libraries with direct access to those Government Printing Office administrative databases that would facilitate local depository operations (e.g., the cataloging and classification databases). 9. Identify agency experts to provide technical assistance for electronic products and Government Printing Office resource people to support depository technical operations. * Take a proactive role in the emerging national information infrastructure. 1. Obtain representation for the Government Printing Office and/or the Depository Library Program on the Information Infrastructure Task Force. 2. Obtain representation for the depository library community among the members of the United States Advisory Council on the National Information Infrastructure. 3. Become involved in development and adoption of technical standards (e.g., Z39.50), through standards-making organizations, inter-agency groups, and individual agencies. * Maximize the resources of the Depository Library Program. 1. Evaluate current depository program structure to more effectively allocate resources. 2. Provide as much flexibility as possible for geographical regions to develop cooperative sharing arrangements which meet local needs. 3. Develop mechanisms for documenting and enforcing formal cooperative collecting agreements for depository items. 4. Prepare union lists of item selections to facilitate appropriate interlibrary referrals and shared collection management decision- making. 5. Refine the material selection process to allow for greater specificity; for example, an expanded Superintendent of Documents classification system may be a suitable basis for selections. 6. Work toward an equitable and cost-effective distribution of depository libraries, reviewing existing depositories and recommending retirement of depository status or other actions where appropriate. 7. Continue to support efforts to share cataloging responsibilities. Recommendations for Depository Libraries * Obtain resources for managing electronic information. 1. Acquire the hardware and technical support to provide depository access to electronic information that is distributed with search-and-retrieval software (e.g., GO, BROWSE, ROMWARE) within five years. 2. Set minimum technical and service guidelines or benchmarks, in collaboration with Library Programs Service. 3. Notify the Library Programs Service if assistance is needed to meet the guidelines, via the Biennial Survey and other communications. * Strongly encourage and support sharing of expertise to insure access to electronic information products. 1. Participate in the Library Programs Service's efforts to foster resource sharing through projects such as the Reader's Exchange, and Electronic Corner in Administrative Notes. 2. Deliver publications effectively through national interlibrary loan networks, making use of all available technologies. 3. Develop consortium-based or other projects for the efficient delivery of government information. 4. Improve document delivery for electronic material by increasing use of and experimenting with dial-up access, Internet connections, shared access to networked CD-ROMs, and other mechanisms. * Seek additional funding for technology-related services and equipment. 1. Identify government and nongovernmental grants and other potential sources of financial support to acquire network connections, equipment, and technical expertise. 2. Propose new legislation for technological grant monies or seek the reallocation of current funding to support connectivity and technological advancement of depository libraries. * Contribute to planning for the development of the National Information Infrastructure. 1. Support existing liaison programs between library organizations and user groups. 2. Serve as advocates for public access to government information and assist advocacy efforts by publicizing background information, current developments, and names and addresses of those responsible for information infrastructure planning and policy. * Create a depository library association which takes advantage of the annual Depository Library Conference, the only national meeting open to all depository librarians. 1. Forge alliances with other information- provider organizations and public interest groups interested in government information dissemination and access issues, policies, and programs. 2. Establish an internship program to place experienced depository librarians with the Depository Library Program to provide on-site training and depository consulting services. Funding opportunities may include fellowships, grants, paid sabbaticals from depository institutions, or exchange programs. APPENDIX A LIST OF CONFERENCE COORDINATORS, FACILITATORS, AND EDITORS Coordinators Julia F. Wallace and Gary Cornwell Area Facilitators Area I - Articulation of the Program Facilitator: Sandy Peterson Area II - Framework for a New Program Facilitator: Diane Garner Work Group Leaders: Tom Andersen and Sandra McAninch Area III - Revitalization of Current Depository Library Program Facilitators: Anne Watts and Carol Watts Work Group Leaders: Melissa Lamont and Linda Kennedy Area IV - Long Range Planning Facilitator: Jack Sulzer Work Group Leaders: Duncan Aldrich, Bill Sudduth, and Linda Kopecky Area V - Legislative and Regulatory Reform Facilitator: Stephen Hayes Work Group Leaders: Ridley Kessler and Susan Tulis Conference Facilitator Prue Adler Hotel Liaison John Schuler Editors Diane Garner Cheryl Nyberg Daniel O'Mahony Sandy Peterson Denise Stephens Bill Sudduth APPENDIX B CHICAGO CONFERENCE COORDINATING COMMITTEE Dupont Circle Group Chairs Gary Cornwell and Julia Wallace Members Duncan Aldrich Tom Andersen Francis Buckley Diane Garner Carol D. Gordon Steve Hayes Sally Holterhoff Linda Kennedy Ridley Kessler Melissa Lamont Sandee McAninch Kay Melvin Lois Mills Sandy Morton-Schwalb Daniel O'Mahony Sandra Peterson John Shuler Jack Sulzer Susan Tulis Carol Watts Facilitator Prue Adler American Library Association Government Documents Round Table Committee on Restructuring the FDLP Bill Sudduth, Chair Dan Barkley Raeann Dossett Linda Kopecky David Larkin Alexandra Lutz Mary Martin Andrea Sevetson Anne Watts Cynthia Wolff APPENDIX C LIST OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS Prue Adler Association of Research Libraries Duncan M. Aldrich (4A) University of Nevada, Reno Tom Andersen (2A) California State Library Mary Gay Anderson (2A) University of Florida Paul A. Arrigo (2A) Washburn University School of Law Bart Austhof (3B) University of Northern Iowa Gil Baldwin (3A) U.S. Government Printing Office Julia Baldwin (1, 5A) University of Toledo Dan Barkley (5B) Wake Forest University George Barnum (2B) Case Western Reserve University Walter Baumann (2B) DePaul University Law Library Mary E. Beall (4A) University of Illinois-Chicago Kathleen Beaver (4C) Alverno College Library Media Center Clare Beck (5B) Eastern Michigan University Carol Bednar (4A) California State University, Fullerton Jean Beeman (2B) Rockford Public Library Marjorie C. Bengtson (1, 5A) University of Illinois, Chicago Dorie Bertram (2A) Washington University Law Library Anne Birkam (2B) Hoyt Public Library Alma E. Blakley (4B) Gary Public Library Sharon Bradley (5A) Thomas M. Cooley Law School Library Johanna B. Brown (4B) California Polytechnic State University Helen Burke (4A) Minneapolis Public Library Rebecca Burke (3B) Arizona State University Jo Ann Calzonetti (2A) West Virginia University George Carlson (3A) Santa Clara University Jane Chamberlain (3A) Illinois State University Eleanor L. Chase (2B) University of Washington Joan Cheverie (1, 5A) Georgetown University Susan Chiasson (3B) University of Central Oklahoma Marie Clark (2A) Duke University Renata G. Coates (2B) University of California, San Diego Kay Collins (5A) University of California, Irvine Gary Cornwell University of Florida Bob Davis (4C) St. Louis University Judy Depew (3B) Florida State University Raeann Dossett (4B) University of Illinois, Urbanna Susan Dow (2B) SUNY-Buffalo Law Library Amy Ferguson (3A) Indiana University Olive G. Forbes (4B) University of Texas-Austin Robert J. Fortado (1, 5A) Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville Diane Garner (2) Harvard University Judith Gaskell (5A) DePaul University Law Library Ann Glascoff (5A) Governors State University Carol Gordon (2A) Milwaukee Public Library Paulette Harding (5A) Poplar Creek Public Library Cassandra Hartnett (1, 5A) Detroit Public Library Stephen Hayes (5) University of Notre Dame Anne Heanue (3A) American Library Association Washington Office Stephen Henson (2B) Louisiana Tech University Bernadine Abbott Hoduski (5B) U.S. Joint Committee on Printing Julie Hoff (2A) University of Kansas Sally Holterhoff (5B) Valparaiso University Law Library Judy Horn (4C) University of California, Irvine George R. Jackson (3A) University of Minnesota Law Library Kelly Janousek (5A) California State University, Long Beach Janet C. Jenks (4C) California Institute of Technology Jacqueline F. Johnson (3B) Indiana University-Southeast Stephen K. Johnson (5A) Oklahoma State University Kathleen Keating (1, 5A) University of New Mexico Maurie Caitlin Kelly (4A) University of Illinois, Chicago Linda Kennedy (3B) University of California, Davis Scott Kennedy (1, 4B) University of Nebraska, Lincoln William Gray Kenz (3B) Moorhead State University Ridley R. Kessler, Jr. (1, 5A) Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Karen Kimber (2A) Wright State University Linda Kopecky (4C) Sangamon State University Melissa Lamont (3A) University of Connecticut David Larkin (1, 5A) University of Texas, El Paso Richard Leacy (2B) Georgia Institute of Technology Mary Jane Ledvina (1, 5A) Central Missouri State University Lynn Lenart (4B) University of Akron Terry Long (4B) Virginia State Law Library Alexandra Lutz (3B) New York Public Library Greta Marlatt (3A) San Diego State University Mary Martin (2A) Claremont Colleges Ann Marshall May (2A) El Paso Public Library Sandra McAninch (2B) University of Kentucky John McGeachy (3A) North Carolina State University Michele McKnelly (3B) University of Wisconsin, River Falls Judy Meadows (5A) State Law Library of Montana Ann E. Miller (1, 3A) James Madison University Lois Mills (5B) Western Illinois University (Emerita) Carol L. Moody (4A) St. Louis University Law Library Jill A. Moriearty (4B) University of Utah Sherry Mosley (5A) Florida International University Chariyar Nillpraphan (4A) Oklahoma City University Jim Noel (4B) Marcive Sheila Nollen (4A) Western Illinois University Cheryl Nyberg (2A) University of Illinois Law Library Lois A. O'Brien (2B) Marquette University law Library Daniel O'Mahony (1, 2A) Brown University Bill Olbrich (4C) Washington University Michael R. Oppenheim (4A) California State University, Los Angeles Carolyn Ottow (4C) Oklahoma State University Cindy Page (1, 3A) Houston Public Library Roberta Palen (5A) Chicago Public Library Maggie Parhamovich (5A) University of Nevada, Las Vegas Sandy Peterson (1, 3B) Yale University John Peters (5B) State Historical Society of Wisconsin John B. Phillips (2B) Oklahoma State University Aimee Piscitelli (5B) Eastern Washington University Margaret S. Powell (2B) The College of Wooster Mary Webb Prophet (2A) Denison University Melanie Putnam (1, 4A) Ohio State University Law Library Beverly Railsback (4B) New Jersey State Library Mary Redmond (5B) New York State Library Chris Rogers (5A) Spartanburg County Public Library Debora A. Rougeux (2A) University of Pittsburgh Judith S. Rowe (5B) Princeton University David Rozkuszka (1) Stanford University Ann Sanders (5A) Tennessee Technological University Carolyn Sanford (4C) Carleton College Robin Satterly (5A) Haverford College Joyce Lynn Schaffer (5A) Montclair State College Kay Schlueter (4B) Texas State Law Library Ralph Lee Scott (4C) East Carolina University Andrea Sevetson (2B) University of California, Berkeley John A. Shuler University of Illinois-Chicago Mary K. Sine (3B) Virginia State Library and Archives Timothy M. 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