----------------------------Original message---------------------------- ------------------------------ Start of body part 1 Dear Colleagues, Find attached a report concerning the activities of the Map Curators Group of the European League of Research Libraries. The first third of the report consists of an overview of the history from 1978 up till 1992. The second third is a report of the past 9th conference in Zuerich, Switserland, September 1994. The last third is an overview of all articles (except those of 1994 which are forthcoming) which resulting from the 8 conferences have been published in the Journal of LIBER. The body of the text consists of 15 A4 pages, which is appr. 900 lines. This information will also be send to LIS-MAPS. With kind regards, Jan Smits Map Curator Royal Library, National Library of The Netherlands Secretary Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER [log in to unmask] ------------------------------ Start of body part 2 Cooperation between Mapcurators in Europe: an overview Jan Smits, Royal Library, The Netherlands; Secretary Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER (Ligue des Bibliotheques Europeennes de Recherc he) From Round Table to Conference On the initiative of Ib Roenne Kejlbo, the Maplibrarian of the Danish Royal Libr ary, and under the aegis of LIBER, a Roundtable Conference was organized for senior and junior staff member s of Map departments. After some deliberations discussions were to be focused on cataloguing problems, ISBD(CM) (1) in particular, problems regarding micro-copying, conservation problems, and training and educat ion of map librarians. The conference would be restricted to 25-30 persons ... "and it is hoped that the pa rticipants will be both experts and staff members of map departments who have just recently started their work there ". There were then still many map-departments who had to run with inexperienced staff! As the conference -which took place between 26-28 April 1978- was organized on a rather short notice many maplibrarians couldn't attend because they had obligations around the same dates elsewhere. But those who could attend (some 18 participants from 8 countries) were more than satisfied ab out this try-out. The organizers coaxed LIBER into publishing two papers about conservation and micro-copying in the Liber Bulletin. The basic feeling about the conference was well voices by Mrs. Wilkes of the National Libr ary of Scotland. She was glad to be able to report that not only the new world (America, Canada, Australia) could organize their mapcurators, but that now also Europe had proven that it could organize them as well. At the same time she proposed an exchange of staff between Scotland and Denmark "in order to broaden our ideas an d to help solve problems". What struck participants most was the friendly and informal atmosphere, which ma de it easier to exchange professional opinions and experiences. In this the staff of the Danish Royal Lib rary has set a precedent which has been followed ever since as best as possible. They also held a little inquir y afterwards about how feelings were about forming a regular maplibrarians group and what the topics to be handl ed should be. The results showed that obviously the group's programme would have to be attuned with that o f the IFLA, Geography & Map-library Section. However, in contrast with the latter, it was felt that the LIBER group should not be limited to libraries only, but that especially archives and map-producing agencies shoul d be included as much as possible. Because of conference-expenses, as one wished also the smaller institu tions to attend, a 2-year conference-cycle was wished for. To spread the knowledge which was exchanged dur ing the conference as wide as possible it was felt that all papers should be published in the Liber-Bulleti n and reports of the meetings in the relevant national and international journals. Though the informal atmosphere was cherished at the same time the need for wider participation was felt. To unite these last wishes would mean tension in future. Most of the wishes and ideas voiced then are still valid today and the topics of this fi rst conference are incorporated in the present programme of actions. As a result of this first meeting the then LIBER-President Mr. Humphries thought it to "be worthwhile considering the setting up of a group for map librarians within LIBER ...". His wish was fulfilled in 1980 in Paris where formally a 'Groupe des Cartothecaires' within LIBER was established. Thoug h the organization was a bit haphazard, due to the short time available and the building up of an administrat ive organisation, it was a success because of the enthusiasm of the organizers and participants. Prior to this conf erence an 'Inquiry about map accessions' was held. The inquiry was concerned with the number of (professional ) personnel available and the (dis)advantages of the sources of information (catalogues, lists, bibliographies etc. both for new and antiquarian maps) which were consulted for acquisitions. The 35 participants from 9 countrie s (plus an observer from Canada!) discussed this inquiry and the topic of reproduction (photocopy, photog raphy and micrography). The conclusions of the inquiry were that there was insufficient personnel and that t he sources of information, except for the too few national bibliographies, had to be used with care and precaution . Another attraction of this conference might have been the possibility to visit t he big exhibition in the Centre Georges Pompidou under the title "Cartes et figures de la terre". Many probably still treasure the grand 479 page catalogue which went with it. Thanks to the expedient way in which Monique Pelletier of the Bibliotheque Natio nal a Paris processed the papers they were soon after published in a special issue of the LIBER Bulletin. Now that the group was established it didn't take long before the next conferenc e in Great-Britain was being organized. Many will have relished the fact that a preliminary notice was distri buted one year in advance, making planning easier. The aim of this conference was three-fold: to introduce participants to the working of the British Ordnance Survey, to show a variety of map-repositories and to discus s problems of conserving and housing maps. Donald Moore, National Library of Wales, and Monique Pelletier did all they could to make an as interesting as possible conference and succeeded in getting some 28 persons f rom 6 countries to attend. They visited map-collections in Southampton, Cardiff and Oxford and had a fruitful ex change of views about conservation in Cardiff. Within 2 years the proceedings were again published in the LIBER Bulletin. Soon colleagues in The Netherlands were to know what the mapcurators group meant , thanks to the efforts of Monique Pelletier. To create continuity she started to make lists of corresponde nts in each country who would be kept informed of developments. This time discussion were to focus on catalogu ing and automation and special problems of maps in archives. For some reason the attendance in 1984 sud denly was overwhelming, 54 persons from 12 countries. Maybe it was because the Netherlands boasted two unif ied automated cataloguing systems, of which one was specifically designed for maps? Or was it the fact tha t many antiquarian maps could be encountered there, the country having been predominant in map-producing in th e 17th and early 18th century. However, most of the conference-time was spent with the topics on the a genda. Besides the automation of catalogue-titles it was the first time graphic indexes, which were distilled from a title-database, were shown. During the LIBER-meeting it was decided that the office of National Corresponden t (NC) should be constituted. Some countries, a.o. Spain, have 2 NC's due to regional differences of organisation. It was also decided that these NC's would provide to the next meetings a national report con cerning the developments in the 2 years before. This would give a good overall insight in European developme nts. Up till now this has proven a very valuable device for keeping up-to-date over a whole range of issue s. Jim Elliot was able to publish the papers in 1986 The present Secretary provided every corresponding member with a 'list of corres pondents' in the hope that it could be updated with every circular that went out. Unfortunately this has prove n impossible up till now. The next year another questionnaire was distributed, this time concerned with mapcur atorship in general. It focused mainly on the degree of national organisation, education, future conferences and news-distribution. There were some 44 responses from 13 countries, showing a terrible lack of training-facilit ies. In 1986 in Vienna, Austria, some 66 participants from 13 countries threw themsel ves again at the topic of conservation and storage, resulting in 14 papers giving practical points of view . The problems mapcurators have with this topic is shown in the fact that there is a lot of literature about res toration, but hardly any about special storage-equipment. This means that most collections create local solutions, on t he premises themselves or in collaboration with local manufacturers. It will take still some time before the maps in most collections are stored properly in special map-furniture, but there was a lot learned during this confe rence. To show again the broadmindedness of this group concerning its membership it was agreed during the LIBER- meeting that in future mapcurators of central and eastern Europe could participa te in its conferences. Furthermore an 'Archives Liaison Committee' and a 'Workinggroup for the Educatio n of Mapcuratorship' were constituted to create more permanence. There was also a post-conference session concerning national bibliographies with the IFLA/ICA (2) Joint Inter- Associational Working Group on Documentation in Cartography. This time the publishing of the conference papers was very difficult. But after a lot of negotiations they were finally published in 1990 as the last issue of the LIBER bulletin. Based on an example of Monique Pelletier the Board sent out in 1987 an 'Inquiry into map-use and user-habits in Europe'. For such a small group this was an ambitious project. Therefor it wa s very satisfying to report that there were almost 3,000 responses from the clientele of some 100 mapcollections. During that time there was also a request from Spain for information about mapcuratorgroups and their activ ities, showing that experience gained elsewhere was actually being exchanged. In Sweden 1988 the programme was centred on questions concerning map-use and use r-habits. Besides many papers there were also two sessions devoted to workshops and a general discussio n. This was also the first time we could exchange views and experiences with colleagues from Poland and Hungary. Unfortunately, because of changes within the main LIBER-body, the papers could only only be published in 1 991, including a report concerning the inquiry. The next conference took place in Paris in 1990 and was concerned with 'new tech nologies and their impact on mapcuratorship'. The Board had hoped new production-methods of maps and their pr oblems also would be discussed, but were still satisfied with the wide variety of automated catalogui ng which was offered. Some 6 systems were discussed and/or demonstrated ranging from PC-catalogue through cus tom-made systems to general bibliographical systems. Next to the national progress reports there was also a report on education and training over the past 2 years. This time there was a considerable contingent of participants coming from Barcelona and Madrid. They hosted the next conference in 1992, which took place in Barcelona, under the theme 'Diffusion and promotion of cartographic materials'. More specific it conc erned itself with problems of lending, facsimiles, carto-catalogues, acquisition, and directories of map-colle ctions. In this context it is pleasant to see that the 6-year 'curs Historia de la cartografia', organized a.o. by the Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, devotes about a third of its curriculum to the description of mapcollections and the organisation of mapcuratorship of all the six countries involved. A secondary benefit is that li sts of descriptions of map- collections are being published which hitherto haven't been available. The Spani sh organizing committee did a grand survey of Spain and laid this down in a 199 p. report (3). The Barcelona-conference however served two purposes: the conference itself and the IFLA-conference in 1993 in Barcelona. Here we return to the start of this group when the idea was voiced to attune programmes with the IFLA, Geography & Map Library Section. Some sessions in 1992 were devoted to pro blems concerning retro- conversion. This will be the enigma for the 1990's. Everyone wants to have autom ated cataloguing c.q. documentation systems. But how to convert the traditional fiche-catalogues to th e automated systems and where to get the finances to do so! Developments in the European field were presented to the IFLA in 1993 for a global review. One of the questions we try to solve is how we can profit from th ose catalogues in Europe which already have been converted. Especially when these are concerned with older mate rial or antiquarian maps there are possibilities. It was also decided to have a more permanent exchange of info rmation between the IFLA and LIBER mapcurator groups. Mapcuratorship in transition Report on the 9th conference of the Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER 26-29 September 1994, Zurich, Switzerland This report will give a summary of the conference. That is, the papers read will be summarized to sketch some of the developments and the ensuing discussions -which took up half of the confe rence time- will be reported. Though some attempt has been made to state conclusions it is hoped that this doc ument may lead to further fruitful discussions between map curators and colleagues in general. Introduction All around the world there is a development to automate or digitize information. Not only because information is more speedily given, but also so because the information contents can be mani pulated and more easily transferred to places other than where it was originally produced or stored. At the same time there lurks the possibility that more traditional sources of information will be discarded or lo oked upon as becoming obsolete. History teaches us that no invention is perfect and that only later posterity ma y perceive that obsolete artifacts, media or technologies even in modern times can and will have their usefulness. People working in libraries, archives and documentation-centres have been from t ime immemorial guardians of historical and cultural records. They see it as their task to provide the inform ation they manage in the right format to their customers and as speedily as they can. But they see it also as t heir duty to preserve the information they have gathered in the best possible way in order that future cli ents or generations can profit from it. Even when they are forced to follow the developments towards new media they must ask themselves how their changing working-practices will influence the availability and use of information. When we are involved in a time of transition it is very easy, for feelings of se curity, to choose for tradition or for modernization. That is, one can totally rely on the traditional holdings, becaus e they are known best, because more of them are accessed, because one knows how to handle them, how to care for them, how to write about them and promote them. However such an approach may let the materials that are p reserved evolve into museum pieces. On the other hand one can easily fall for the magic of new techno logies, as they seem to promise to solve a lot of the traditional problems of space in stockrooms, acces s, promotion and usability. It is very difficult to try to find a balance between the one approach and the o ther. Society may require us, as curators of part of its historical and cultural heritage, to approach these new technologies and products with caution. When they hold promise we have to investigate their possible uses. But we also have to try to apply these new technologies to our traditional holdings and, if possible, to integrat e them with our traditional practices. As developments in Europe are uneven, what better possibility is there than a co nference where colleagues can meet, get information and discuss the influences these changes can have on us an d our working-practices. Reader To foster discussions during the conference the Board of the Groupe des Cartothe caires de LIBER (GdC) and the Swiss Organizing Committee (SOC) thought it wise to issue a reader to the pa rticipants one month before the conference actually took place. Because the articles in the reader concern m any aspects of the topic and because those not present during the conference may wish to read up on these mat ters the titles are reproduced here. Some of the articles were taken from journals, some from Internet sources. Competencies for electronic information services / John Corbin In: The Public-access Computer Systems Review 4, no. 6 (1993) p. 5-22 [10 p.] What is a map? / I. Vasiliev ... [et al.] In: The Cartographic Journal, journal of the British Cartographic Society, Vol. 27, December 1990, p. 119-123 Cartography, GIS and maps in perspective / M. Visvalingam In: The Cartographic Journal, journal of the British Cartographic Society, Vol. 26, June 1989, p. 26-32 Accessing the world of digital spatial data / by Mary L. Larsgaard In: Information Bulletin Western Association of Map Libraries, Vol. 23, no. 3, J une 1992, p. 188-207 Includes 14 p. dictionary of technical terms. Glossary [of terms and definitions for spatial digital data] Appendix to: Content standards for digital geospatial metadata (June 8) / Federa l Geographic Data Committee, 1994 The standards are available from anonymous FTP server fgdc.er.usgs.gov in direct ory gdc\metadata or can be requested by electronic mail on [log in to unmask] Exploring the impact of digital cartographic data on map librarianship using dat a use models / by Ming-Kan Wong. In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 2-14 Configuration of computers in map libraries / by Robert S. Allen. In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 15-23 "Automation and map librarianship: three issues" / by Christene Kollen & Charlen e Baldwin. In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 24-36 Report on THE MAP LIBRARY IN TRANSITION : a joint conference sponsored by the Co ngress of Cartographic Specialists Associations and the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress, October 18 & 19, 1993, 10 p. From: MAPS-L (Maps and Air Photo Systems forum, an American discussion list on I nternet) The state of map libraries and archives / [statement by the CCISA]. 2 p. From: MAPS-L (Maps and Air Photo Systems forum, an American discussion list on I nternet) Exploring the Internet / Tony Addyma. In: Serials : the journal of the United Kingdom Serials Group, Vol. 7, No. 2, Ju ly 1994, p. 133-141 What a tangled web they wove ... / Kurt Kleiner In: New Scientist, 30 July 1994, p. 35-39 Conference The conference was held in Zurich on September 26-29, 1994, and was attended by 64 participants from 17 countries. For the first time a keynote speaker was invited from the U.S.A. beca use the European colleagues wanted to know how the advancement of the new technologies and media had been in corporated into the American map collections and how they had fared. Though there had been participants from Central and Eastern Europe in former con ferences, there never had been so many as this time. This was mainly due to a very generous gift of the 'I nstitut fur Technologie' in Zurich, which made it possible for 9 colleagues from Estonia, Hungary, Poland, R ussia and Slovenia to attend. In this way the integration of Europe is well served and the necessary exchange of information is promoted better. It is curious to see how unevenly the new technologies invade our office s. Only 16 of the participants had e-mail at their disposal and 4 of them came from Central and Eastern European co untries! During the conference 14 papers were read on various topics and there were 7 hou rs of discussions. In addition there were 6 demonstration stands on digital maps, 6 poster displays, and a vide o concerning the renovation and planned extension to Det Kongelige Bibliotek in Copenhagen. Though the programme seemed overcrowded almost all the participants attended every meeting and session, showing how much they are involved with the matters at hand. National progress reports Since 1988 it has been usual for National Progress Reports to be read. They show developments within a country in the interval between the bi-annual conferences. Their contents are co ncerned with activities of map curator groups, education, automation, acquisition and collection development, c onservation and restoration, conferences and symposia, exhibitions and important publications. During this co nference some 14 reports were read. They are published in ERLC The LIBER Quarterly, Vol 4.1994.4. These sessio ns have become a very good means of having a general overview of developments all over Europe. Papers Our American guest, Patrick McGlamery from the Homer Babbige Library of the Univ ersity of Connecticut, as keynote speaker started with an eye-opener: "We are map librarians, and, like it or not, we are in the forefront of library information technology". Following on from a brief history of map pri nting he showed how far advanced into new technologies map producers are. We have reached the point in s patial information evolution where the amount of spatial information available outstrips the ability to repre sent it cartographically. This makes producers of spatial information adopt digital techniques more quickly and more widely than in other fields of publication, putting them some years ahead of other publishers. The fu ndamental nature of spatial information, and mapping, has changed. At the same time the functions of the map library have changed. Free access to information is a fundamental freedom in the U.S.A., but the burden and responsibility of distributing this information has shifted from the producers to the libraries. Use also chang es. With traditional materials only one person, at one place, at one time can use a specific map. A digital map is accessible from many places simultaneously with limitation posed upon it only by network software and produc er constraints. These digital sources pose new problems: user abilities, network abilities and fiscal abilitie s. As map librarians we have to work from our traditional strengths, i.e. to collect, to describe and to access. But we must be careful not to become computer laboratory managers as the information can only be accessed thro ugh more or less sophisticated tools. If possible the responsibility for providing sophisticated tools, like geographic information systems (GIS), must be laid with the users. Our main role will still be to provi de access to spatial information in analogue or digital form and the question is in how far we will aid users in acc essing this information. Next Professor Ernst Spiess of the Department of Cartography of the ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, discussed some problems with the use of electronic atlases. For a map library the diversity of products poses the problem of how far to go in offering the users the necessary facilities for the consultatio n or use of these materials. In view of the expensive equipment and high level of competency of the personnel and the large amount of assistance involved, the libraries might have to charge clients for their services like a c ommercial organization. One of the problems that has to be addressed in digital maps is their high resolution. In t his hard copy maps are as yet unsurpassed. The use of electronic atlases brings forward another problem that i s already inherent in traditional requests to map libraries. While some people's interest is restricted to consult ing maps and extracting a few specific details, others are looking for maps or map components which they may u se as a base for their own mapping projects. The latter also implies delicate problems of copyright. Produc ers usually do not allow the data to pass on to third parties, but buying the digital data sets entails enormous a mounts of money. He then went on to describe some of the uses of certain digital databases and electronic atla ses. Goran Baarnhielm of the Map Department of the Kunglige Biblioteket, Stockholm, S weden, showed the functions of the bi-lingual National PC Atlas of Sweden. The PC Atlas is intend ed to be an introduction to GIS, to support the digital processing of maps and spatial data in schools and librar ies and to be a supplement to the Atlas books as well as a stand-alone system. It contains, amongst other features , a search system for most of the official map series of Sweden. The maps are represented as rectangular frames ag ainst the background of a more or less sophisticated base map. One can also search for entries from the an nual cartobibliography of Sweden produced by the Kunglige Biblioteket, and these can also be represented b y rectangular frames. One can also locate toponyms and display various statistical data at the municipalit y, county and national level. The users are not expected to know anything about GIS, so simplicity rather than flexibility has been a guideline. There are three levels of use. The first is simply 'read and browse'. It is based on ready made 'pages', which are turned over by clicking a button. The second level is for the more adv anced user, who can change variables and areas, select diagram types, etc. At the third level one can modif y the scripts controlling the programme and make one's own PC Atlas. Lorenz Hurni of the Bundesamt fur Landestopographie sketched the transition in S witzerland from analogue to digital topographical maps. The original print-ready films of the national map s eries 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000, 1:200,000, 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 have been scanned separately (colour by col our) and geocoded in order to create 'pixel maps' with a resolution of 508 dpi. The data sets are available in separate layers or combined in one colour file per sheet. Connected to this is the project "CADCARTO", which ai ms at the updating of existing analogue maps by digital means. "DHM25" is a digital height model which describe s the topographic surface (elevations only). It consists of a basic model and a matrix model. "Vector200" is an automatically vectorized data set and consists of the line and area elements, the symbols and toponyms of the 1:200,000 series. Most data sets are available in several formats. There are several more base map or themat ic map projects in the specification or evaluation phase. The data sets have been produced for professi onal use. Possible applications range from basic data for GIS and cartographic applications to scientific modell ing. Hans-Ulrich Zaugg described the function of GEOSTAT within the Swiss Federal Sta tistical Office. It maintains with its GIS infrastructure a specialized user communications team which concent rates on data diffusion, advice and information in this field. Therefore it maintains a close contact between da ta owners and data users and has institutionalized an exchange of information and of experience on geographic and spatially relevant data and information systems. GEOSTAT contains a federal GIS database of geocoded, spatia lly relevant data sets coming from varying, mostly governmental sources. Services offered to official, research and private customers include dissemination of raw digital data in various formats, custom analysis of specific data and data combinations, presentation of data and an analysis of results in the form of cus tomized computer plots, as well as the generation of statistical data tables for specific, but traditionally ins oluble spatially defined and related questions. Further significant enhancements may include innovative data such as satellite imagery or environmental information. The ability to guarantee free or reasonably priced data access to anybody will b e the most difficult part in future. Copyright and property issues on digital data will further slow down or in certain cases stop the efforts to prepare data for public use. Circumstances may force the office to shift their e mphasis from data supply to function rather as an information centre providing free information about what g eocoded digital data is, as well as how, on what terms, for which price, and where it is available. Public librar ies and official services will have to work together and share resources in this field of common interest. Bob Parry of the Department of Geography of the University of Reading, United Ki ngdom, suggested that map libraries need to acquire digital mapping in order to make new spatial data sets available to their users, attract new kind of users and provide new opportunities for visualizing spatial distribu tions. This creates many problems for a university map collection in setting up an electronic library and wanting to use the kind of stand-alone digital map packages on hard disk and CD-ROM currently being acquired by many UK map libraries. He examined their value within the context of traditional map library use, and thei r contribution towards the future role of map collections in an information society. Self-contained electronic atl ases and other map packages may seem very convenient and an easy accessed digital complement to conventional res ources, but each has its limitations and the more flexible and sophisticated the packages become, the lon ger is the learning curve for both curators/librarians and and users. Though there is a possibility, because o f electronic communication technology, that users will not need to visit a map room any more, that would be unwise. An ability to understand and interpret spatial images must remain part of the stock-in-trade o f the map curator. Hans Zimmermann of the Bundesamt fur Raumplanung in Bern, Switzerland explained the possibilities of the INFOPLAN system. This is a GIS for federal planning purposes or spatial phenomen a. The data for the objects are organized in a database and the spatial facts can be represented cartographi cally. Digitized maps as well as scanned maps, aerial photographs or satellite images can function as background. The maps and the database are connected in such a way that a direct mutual random selection becomes possib le. The main purpose of INFOPLAN is to combine and visualize in any possible combination planning inform ation from different sources. Because of this objective actual object-information is more important t han the highest accuracy. Before discussions took place Patrick McGlamery took us on an Internet tour, dur ing which we visited on line his CD-ROM player MAGIC (Map and Geographic Information Circulation) in the Univ ersity of Connecticut, and afterwards viewed a scanned old map of Paris held in one of the other Americ an university libraries. Though this was a short visit it made participants eager to research this new te chnology for possible future use. The next day Niklaus Butikofer of the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern addressed t he problems of archiving electronic information. Archives must continue to be available, usable, understa ndable and authentic over long periods of time. Use of digital technology liberates the information itself from the storage medium. But this information is not only a set of data, this information is an aggregation of dat a, context and processing functions. In this view archivists cannot confine their actions to storage media, rather th ey have to consider whole systems, including context and devices that are able to read and display the data on the storage medium in an adequate manner. Digital maps distributed on removable storage media (e.g. on CD-ROM) wil l probably only be of transitory relevance and soon will be superseded by online GIS, which are centra lly managed and continuously updated. Usually such systems are a-historic because they do not keep the histor y of their data and they have no adequate means to retain evidence of information authorship. Authenticity as wel l as historicity are important as users, now and in the future, want to know who has produced the information that is read on a screen and when the information has been produced. Moreover, they want to be sure the informatio n is the same information that the author originally produced, and the same information a colleague made r eference to in his footnote. When confronted with these issues archives and libraries have the following opti ons: 1) do nothing; 2) transfer GIS, when abandoned, to archives; 3) acquire regular 'snapshots' or history file s; 4) charge producers by law or by payment to preserve their systems. It is clear that only options 3 and 4 are valid. Next Karl Bohler of the ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich, Switzerland, tried to give an in sight into the maintenance and archival storage of digital data. Coming to grips with new technologies becomes more and more of a challenge, even for librarians. Whatever the suppliers of software-products claim, the inst allation of software and peripherals on a common desktop computer is often a difficult task. Through some examples he showed how to avoid compatibility problems and drew attention to widespread installation traps . Further consideration was given to maintenance of hard- and software, change of device, scanning of docume nts, decay of data backups and archival storage of digital information. Martin Gubler of Marstetten and Thomas Kloti of the Stadt- und Universitatsbibli othek, Bern, Switzerland, explained how colour microfilm can be an intermediate solution for scanned image s. Objects like maps and plans can be photographed with computer controlled cameras, high precision lense s and the high resolution colour film. With this combination it is possible to routinely produce micro-cop ies with a resolution of approximately 140-180 lpmm (line-pairs per millimetre) and a warranted dye stabi lity of over 200 years. Thus the colour microfilm functions as an 'inter-original', replacing the original ar tefact for conventional or digital processing. The uniform size of the microfilm copies also makes possible the use of standardised Photo-CD at low costs. In the digital world the 24 x 36 mm colour microfilm copy represents an inexpensive and virtually forgery-proof database of at least 30 Mb per image. Thanks to its independence o f specific digital systems the microfilm inter-original is successfully able to meet any future and hitherto un known challenge. Jan Smits of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, The Netherlands discussed so me problems and possible solutions when describing digital maps with ISBD and Unimarc. Developments are s uch that we are not only responsible for accessing analogue maps but also digital maps are requiring our attention. Some even think we might have to go a further step and also have to consider spatial data sec. Then we shall not only have to understand the qualities of finished products but also grasp at the potential of continuously updated (technical and contents) databases. Sofar, when discussing the problems of cataloguing digital material, we have not gone much further than looking at the ISBDs. The ISBD is a vehicle to give form and structure to a description in such a way that, when represented, it can be understood beyond the reach of a specific language. It ca n make a specific item more identifiable. However to be able to use the description for cataloguing purposes and in OPAC surroundings we have to adapt the MARC-formats. To analyse the map's contents better, especially where generic material is concerned and to be better able to retrieve the information requested we have to evaluate the possibilities the MARC-formats may allow. For this 'coded information' is invaluable. However, the revision cycle of internationally accepted standards is rather slow due to the need of consultatio n. To keep up with developments in the practical field we have to get to learn to use the electronic communicati on networks to be able to amend parts of the MARC-formats more quickly. Will we be a library or a laboratory? Chris Perkins of Manchester University, Un ited Kingdom, posed some questions about the implications of spatial data provision. How have libraries a dapted to the digital transition, and what strategies might be adopted in the future? Why has so much been written in the last five years about incorporating digital mapping into conventional collections, and yet so little a chieved by most collections in active transformations of their services? He evaluated these issues in the light of the nature of digital products, library experience in delivering spatial data, and a more detailed analysis of t he implications for different library practices. The problems of whether and how to acquire digital spatial data, and the implications for archiving and storage were considered. Further bibliographic description and retrieval wer e evaluated and the implications for user services discussed. He compared four different scenarios for the future . Innovation of new technologies will be uneven across space and cultures, and a more critical appraisal of the i mplications of moving from a library to a laboratory based system will be needed. Andrew Tatham of the Royal Geographical Society, London, United Kingdom, wondere d whether the map curator can adapt. Map curators must have knowledge of available cartographic ma terials, of users' needs and capabilities, and of the necessary processes for ensuring that the users' needs can be met by the available material. Though knowledge of each of these categories is needed also for digita l materials, the new technological changes require a completely different spectrum of this knowledge. The resources required by the map curator are significantly different too. While the chain connecting the real world with the map users' image of the real world survives whatever material is used to construct the links, the user is now able to grasp and control the chain much nearer to its start. Consequently, the map curator is no longer providing the user with someone else's selection and presentation of data, but with the data itself - an d with the means by which the user can select and present the data to inform or mould an image of the real wor ld. The question is whether or not the map curator wants to have the necessary confidence to make the different response demanded by the technological changes, that is, does the map curator want to be counted as a dea ler in information or a dealer in artifacts. The solution of this problem lies in how far map curators want to lim it themselves in embracing the new technologies and how able they are to forge links with other departments wit hin their organisations which also have to work with these new technologies. During the last day of the conference Jadwiga Bzinkowska of the Jagiellonian Uni versity Library, Krakow, Poland, read a paper concerning the introduction of the VTLS (Virginia Tech Libr ary System) in 11 Polish university libraries, and in her library in particular. Three VTLS modules are i nstalled already (AFAS, cataloguing and OPAC) and within an unspecified time modules for circulation con trol and journal indexing will be installed. The next phase will be the installation of a module for special co llections, including cartographic materials. The system incorporates functions to communicate with Internet source s. In the near future they will also consider scanning images which can be provided through the same computer sy stem. Furthermore she discussed the new mapping plans in Poland and the setting up of an integrated sp atial information system. All the papers will be published in ERLC The Liber Quarterly. Discussions It was planned that discussions would take place in language groups or thematic groups, but after the first session it was decided to have only plenary sessions. The report that follows is based on concise written reports by Andrew Fagg, Andrew Tatham, and Margareta Lindgren, and the critical remarks of the reviewers Christopher Fleet, Andrew Tatham, and Monique Pelletier. Experiences in contacts with purveyors or producers of spatial data show that sp atial information, because of its vastness and need of organisation, has been more quickly digitized or automated than any other kind of information except administrative data. This puts geomatics far ahead of any ot her field of science with which libraries, archives and related bodies condern themselves. It seems that involve ment in computer applications depends partly on whether map collections include large scale data (e.g. cadastr al maps) or only traditional cartographic materials at scales of 1:25,000 and smaller, except for town plans. The problems do not seem to arise so much in stand alone data sets, but more in remote access databases of b asic data sets (such as cadastral, topographical, geological series, etc.) which are constantly updated and which have an undefined applicability. The leading words in the discussions were those highlighted by Andrew Tatham: LI MITS and LINKS. To what degree of sophistication should map collections integrate new technologies and d igital spatial data and where can they find support within their own institutions or in co-operation with othe r institutions. The co-operation of producers in disseminating digital spatial information was s een as vital, though it was recognised that in this there are financial constraints on national mapping agen cies as cost-recovery becomes more and more an important incentive. Irrespective of this it was felt that prod ucers should improve the quality of their products by ridding them of errors and bugs. This could be done when ma p curators who use their products reviewed and criticized them. However, producers should tag digital dat a, which would improve the possibility of cataloguing the information contained. One problem in the relatio nship between producers and map collections and their users is the variation among different copyright acts in Europe. Government policies should address this problem, not only by reviewing national copyright acts but a lso by inter-European comparisons, as electronic information recognises national borders even less tha n analogue information. Maybe it is possible to extend copyright to the areas of preservation and access, thou gh of course this would need separate funding. Another problem stems from the different legal deposit acts. Though Sweden, Finl and, Denmark and France recognize digital information within their acts they are as yet a minority in Eu rope. It would be wise to review existing regulations in all European countries for the benefit of map curators. If governments want national libraries and national archives to play a role in this field they must provide e xtra funding as initial investments cannot be financed from present budgets. There are but few examples of sharing data. In the United Kingdom CHEST (Combine d Higher Education Software Team) was formed to obtain data and software and supply it at low costs to higher education institutions. CHEST acquires data (e.g. Bartholomew 1:250,000 UK data) and softw are (e.g. Arc-Info) for educational and research purposes. It is government funded, negotiates purchases and makes copyright deals. In general shared acquisition should be determined by user groups. The institutions should be networked and have high power hardware and software to be able to manipulate geodata. Distributed l icenses have the advantage that they are cheaper than multiple single licenses, as the licensee may be defi ned as a single institution. To be able to share digital resources participating institutions need compatible stand ards, or have standards created by default. Patrick McGlamery said that many universities in the U.S.A. have obtain ed a free software package (Arc-View or Arc-Info) from ESRI to enable them to use the digital data sets. Ma ybe European libraries could discuss this matter with ESRI. When CD-ROMS are involved networking should alway s be considered. The Netherlands feel the sharing of data is unlikely because all universities have d ifferent research interests. Sharing digital data sets could be integrated with co-operative collection development p olicies, though there are different functions in this for university libraries and national libraries. Another controversy is whether one should own data or whether one should subscri be to it. Producers will either restrict access to data on networks or restrict users to certain data set s, and will wonder how the use of digital data is monitored or controlled by libraries. Of course it is possible t hat licenses are payable per 'loan' as with 'performing rights'. If the producers are not willing to license their digi tal data sets libraries can act as mediators between users and producers. Legal obligations make it necessary, some feel, that data should be uncorrupted, hence they should be archived in analogue formats. Others feel that digital data sets should be archived digit ally. Archiving the data is or should be based on legal obligations or national rules. Unfortunately archives o nly acquire digital data if they are mandated to do so. In many countries the problems of archiving digital data are not really addressed. In Denmark topographical digital data is transferred to Det Kongelige Bibliotek but with constraints on how it can be used. In France there is a specific extension to the legal deposit act. From 1995 onwards the Cartoteca de Catalunya will have deposit of digital data from the Institut Cartographic de Ca talunya. A leading sentiment is that there should be clear political, centrally administered decisions concernin g commercial use and public domain access. Some feel that governments should set up a new central institutio n with enough hard- and software, and a clearly defined legal statement of tasks and the position toward s data producers. A confrontation and solution will indeed soon be necessary as products as well as scientific dem and are expanding rapidly. It might be desirable that governments follow the U.S. government which decreed the Contents Standards for Digital Spatial Metadata (see under 'Reader') which helps at least to put form and structure to metadata describing the vast amounts of digital spatial data sets. This process could be guided by CEN/TC 287 (Comite Europeen de Normalisation/Technical Committee 287): Geographic Information and C EN/TC 211: Geographic Information. Map evidence is essential and will continue to be so. There is as yet no distinc t form in which we can archive digital data. A solution could be to make raster scans or vectorize the data to make them independent of hard- and software. In the United Kingdom some digital data is being archived on micro film (SIM = Survey Information on Microfilm). But the problem is pressing. Between now and the year 2000 many official organisations in many countries will stop providing large scale mapping in analo gue formats. Map curators are wondering how we will preserve historic data sets for future generations. And ho w can we replicate the services which we have performed in the past? What kind of service do the producers offer in this transition to digital data. The Ordnance Survey made an interim offer of providing microfilms. But in the longer run this is not economically viable. The sentiment in the United Kingdom is that the Ordnance Su rvey should be responsible for archiving their data, as is the British Geological Survey. The producer shou ld keep track of obsolete data. For large scale mapping it is hard to trace who will be or is responsible for ar chiving. In spite of all this criticism we have some confidence that producers have an historical consciousnes s, though we think this is more so the case with producers of thematic materials than with producers of topograp hic materials. The state of the process concerning archiving and related problem in various cou ntries is as follows: Belgium: The Institut Geographique National is starting to produ ce digital data sets. However in solving these problems they are severely hampered by th e new federal structure. Denmark: A new society has been formed to which the Working Grou p for Mapcuratorship has been invited. Finland: The National Board of Survey as well as the Geological Survey are investigating this problem. France: This matter is an area of study for the Conseil Nationa l de l'Information Geographique' (CNIG) which will publish the Annuaire du Secteur de l'Information Geographique en France. The first SPOT data (satellite images) are fading. Very expensive transfers have begun under the responsibility of the publishing company SPOT Images, which provides both recent and old data. A special group has established a Code de Pratique loya le en matiere d'edition cartographique, concerned with digital cartography. Germany: As far as participants know large scale analogue maps w ill still be produced in the digital age. Netherlands: The map curators will initiate discussions with produce rs, the cartographic society and other bodies involved. Norway: The National Archives may create some regulations. Furt hermore a Mapping Council will be founded in which landscape historians participa te. They hope to learn from experiences in the United Kingdom. Poland: The Polish Society for Spatial Information is looking i nto this problem. Russian Federation: 6 organisations including the National Survey, the Geol ogical Survey, the Space Agency are concerned with these problems. Map librarian s are starting to get involved with the process. Slovenia: Governmental mapping institutions are changing to digit al production processes, but they are doing so independently from each other. Spain: The Institut Cartografic de Catalunya will see whether they can foster communication with the Institut Geografic National and the Biblioteca Nacional. United Kingdom: See above. As a result of the conference about 'The fut ure history of our landscape' it was decided that a high-level national group needed to be formed, and this is currently examining the situation. United States: The National Archives of the U.S.A. and Canada issued a discussion paper on this. However management of information is not so much a fede ral care anymore, but is more and more delegated to the individual states and pr ovinces. Participants wonder what the position of ICA (International Cartographic Associa tion) is on this. Maybe LIBER should contact them and see what they can come up with. Though WWW (World Wide Web) puts no constraints to the type of data which can be viewed there are difficulties in certain aspects. There are poor data standards and format descri ptions and there is little access at present to national topographic or thematic databases. However, librarians can p lay a role in identifying digital data sets and can identify 'experts' on this new data. Some participants think that there is a certain demand for digital data but ther e is not yet an actual urge by libraries to provide it on a larger scale. Though spatial information may be ful ly digitized libraries sometimes feel they are rather on the fringe of these developments, not actually going thr ough parallel developments. Some think that at the moment it cannot be judged in detail how complex the problems of introducing digital data in libraries will be. If map collections take part in disseminating digital spatial data they can choo se from two possibilities: either delivering metadata (bibliographical lists, information selection, providing han dbooks and guidance into the information market) or (depending on individual resources) buying/subscribing to data sets and providing direct access to users up to a certain extent. A problem is electronic files in a GIS-environment. Map curators must realise th emselves that, for example census-files of 1980, are meant to be linked with maps of 1980 to show a true hi storical image. If in future a map of 2020 is used then linkage between the two files could be difficult and th e conclusions could be less valid. Another vexing problem is how far we should decide to transfer existing analogue cartographic materials to digital formats, with special regard to old or antiquarian maps. Scanning these maps should mean that the digitised images could provide additional possibilities for using the informatio n which is incorporated in the image. As old/antiquarian maps are not true representations of reality in so far as that they have no reference to specific projections or geographic grid systems it will be hard to use them a s overlays for other old or modern cartographic representations. Though it might be possible to refer certain featu res on a map to a geographic grid system this will never will true for the whole. Some participants question whether the librarian/archivist should have a role in this process. Or should we let the user decide the use of the information contained in old maps? If the user de sires sophisticated means to manipulate the information, should the library provide the means or should the u ser provide them? Furthermore some fear that digitising these old maps might detach them from their cultural/h istorical context when the image is 'distorted' by digital means. When we want to scan maps we have to keep in mind that microfilm gives the reade r a higher resolution and thereby a higher quality image. Maybe a good compromise would be the Swiss solut ion of providing a microform 'inter-original' which the user can scan if required. This always will give good results as the scanning can be done with current technology, preventing constant file-transfers to new r eleases of soft- and hardware, with possible loss of information. The Bibliotheque Nationale de France scans part of its collection through existi ng colour microfiches. However, the funding Ministry decides what kind of documents should be scanned. They have special goals in mind when funding this scanning: - to preserve/conserve certain categories of items; - to make these images available for certain categories of use; - to create those images for researchers who work in a digital environment. Besides substituting with digital maps for conservation reasons some think that, if scanned, the images presently only can be used as window-frames with catalogue entries in order that the user gets a concise idea about the contents of the map, because the resolution cannot compete with the resolution o f the originals. One of the duties of a map curator is to advise users what they can do with a ma p (and what they cannot) and this is also true in the digital age. Transition to the digital age means upgrad ing existing knowledge by more or less formal training. The more sophisticated the digital products, the more trai ning is involved. We should keep up with developments within the science of cartography without becoming cartogra phers ourselves. We should know what kind of knowledge programmes and GIS can generate for our users withou t being GIS-specialists. Some countries already have training programmes running. In France the staff of the Bibliotheque Nationale de France follows training in new technologies with the Institut Geographique Natio nal by exchange of staff. Belgium and Catalunya are setting up similar programmes. The Russian Federation is setting up preparatory courses for staff. In the United Kingdom GIS-courses on different levels are off ered in the universities. We think that cartographical departments in universities and cartographical societies sho uld play a large role in the transfer of knowledge. The NCGIA (National Centre for Geographic Information and Analysis, U.S.A.) creates core-courses for librarians which are available over Internet. We could also use Internet to evaluate programmes and GIS, as sometimes is done by American colleagues on the listserver MAPS-L. The last point of discussion, but not the least important, was the user. Librari ans select certain sources for specific user groups, defined by types of requests. This is not different with d igital material than with analogue, but presupposes a definite collection development policy. This means that, for e xample, Internet sources must be well evaluated before they are presented to the user. However when electronic so urces fit our collection profile we must find ways to promote the availability and possible uses of these sources . Also we must, if necessary, train users in the use of these electronic sources. It is felt that the biggest role in the transition is played by the user, as our development relies largely on user demands and not so much on what we think is important. But it may be one of our tasks to formulate reasons why certain digital sources provide better answers than certain analogue materia ls. To fulfil this role the words LINKS and LIMITS surface again. We have to have or create links with colleagues in map collections, GIS laboratories and with the producers to be able to survey and evaluate what is offered. At the same time we must formulate the role of map collections again and find out w hich limitations will provide the best services for our special group of users. The institutional role of the map collection and the diversity of its users will affect how easy this will be. Though international discussion enlighten us it is felt that national centres ar e needed which bring together map curators, producers, and users, in order to discuss these matters more thoroughl y and come to specific conclusions. During the LIBER-meeting the participants came to the following conclusion conce rning networking metadata of digital maps: "... The Board of the Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER will send a request to the national/regional Working Groups for Mapcuratorship through the office of the National Correspondents with the following content: - to ask one institution in each country/region to make available part of a gopher/WWW Home page for the purpose of creating and maintaining a list of digital cartog raphic products produced in the respective countries/regions; - to create together with producers descriptions of all digital cartog raphic products produced in the respective countries/regions; - to include on the gopher/WWW Home page information concerning lists in other countries/regions; - NOT to prescribe a standard form of description; - to distribute through the office of the Secretary to all corresponde nts on which gopher/WWW Home page this information can be viewed." I would like to express my thanks to all authors who provided abstracts or full texts of their papers. This made it easier to summarize their presentations during the conference. I also would like to thank all reviewers for their contributions. I hope this document reflects the essence of the discussions whic h have taken place during this conference. Synopsis What is striking is that during conferences not only mapcollections were visited but also map-producers, e.g. Scan-globe (Denmark), Ordnance Survey (U.K.), Freytag-Berndt & Artaria (Austria) , Esselte (Sweden), IGN (France), ICC (Catalunya). In this way we are also kept informed about certain a spects of map-production in Europe. If the question is asked what the impact of this group is we may sum it up as fo llows. Though not directly demonstrable I think we can say that the activities of this group have been inst rumental in the publication of guides to mapcollections and of national bibliographies, and even more on the fo rmation of regional and national working groups for mapcurators. And tentatively there may be in the nea r future some co-operation in the field of automation. But mainly that it functions as a platform where mapcur ators are willing to exchange experiences and learn from each other. The mission statement of LIBER The past few years Europe has been in turmoil. Unified and communal structures i n central and eastern Europe are breaking down while at the same time Europe-1992 tries to break down boundar ies between EC-countries and unify them more. These opposing developments create much uncertainty and ten sions. It is felt that if western/southern Europe is not prepared to help central/eastern Europe a lot of our common cultural heritage may be lost. This may also be true for map-collections. LIBER tries to keep abre ast of developments and tries to incorporate all of Europe's research libraries into a single body. It is expa nding its membership from central- and eastern Europe to the rate of these countries becoming member of the Council of Europe and thus abiding by its rules. Though there have been contacts between western and eastern European mapcurators they were mainly on a personal or bi-lateral basis. I hope we can organize in the next 5-10 years a pr actical programme with which we can safeguard the eastern European collections as well as establish regular and open contacts with their curators, even though we know that our own means are not excessive. Furthermore the workinggroup will concentrate its programmes on education, retroconversion and services to the pub lic, reflecting these on the programmes of the main LIBER-body and IFLA. With thanks to Susan Vejlsgaard of the Danish Royal Library Map Room and Monique Pelletier of the Bibliotheque Nationale a Paris who both kept a meticulous archive during the ges tation and first few years of this group. Notes (1) ISBD(CM) = International Standard Bibliographic Description (Cartographic Materials) (2) ICA = International Cartographic Association (3) La difusion y la promocion del material cartografico en Espa_a : texto ela borado por los miembros de la Comision del VIIIo congreso de LIBER, Groupe des Cartothecaires, Barcelona , del 28 de Setiembre al 2 de Octubre de 1992 / Jorid Casadella ... [et al.]. - Barcelona/Madrid : [s .n.], 1992. - 199 p. BIBLIOGRAPHY Papers of conferences, arranged to subject, which are published in the Liber Bul letin (LB), the Liber Quarterly (LQ) or which will be published shortly (Forth.). The year is the year in which the conference took place. ACQUISITION Archier Edwige et Lucie Lagarde: Enquete sur les acquisition de cartes. LB 15, p p. 7-18. 1980 Briend, Anne-Marie: Bibliographie cartographique. LB 15, pp. 19-20. 1980 Elliot, James D.: Digital map data: archiving and legal deposit implications for U.K. copyright map libraries. LQ 2(2), pp. 119-127. 1990 ARCHIVES Essen, R. van and C. Verlaan: Technical drawings in the reclaimed land. LB 28, p p. 50-62. 1984 Hoste. Frans E. Ch.: Maps and technical drawings in archives - special problems and special solutions. LB 28, pp. 47-49. 1984 Rasmussen, Joergen Nybo: Karten und Zeichnungen im Danischen Reichsarchiv - Prob leme mit ihrer Registrierung und Aufbewahrung. LB 37, pp. 79-81. 1986 AUTOMATION Babik, Wieslaw and Jadwiga Bzinkowska: The state and trends in the computerizati on of cartographic collections in Poland. LQ 2(2), pp. 163-168. 1990 Duchemin, Pierre-Yves: BN OPaline - the map database in the Department des Carte s et Plans de la Bibliotheque Nationale. History. LQ 3(1), pp. 23-35. 1990 Elliot, James: The British Library Map Library's cartographic materials file. LQ 2(2), pp. 145-161. 1990 Elliot, James: The use of OPACs (Online Public Access Catalogues) in map librari es. LQ 1, pp.169-174. 1988 Feijen, Martin: Map cataloguing in the PICA environment. LB 22. pp. 11-12. 1984 Morris, Barbara A., R.G. Healey and T.C. Waugh: From map catalogue to database w ith graphics in view. LB 28, pp. 22-29. 1984 Parkin, Murray: MODMAP, the automation of the UK Ministry of Defence Map Library card catalogue. LQ 3(1), pp. 67-75. 1992 Smit, Anja: Cartographic material in the Pica library network - system descripti on. LQ 2(2), pp. 176-191. 1990 Tatham, A.F.: Cartographic materials and 'LIBERTAS'. LQ 2(2), pp. 169-175. 1990 Tyacke, Sarah: Computer-based British Library map records. LB 28, pp. 17-21. 198 4 Velden, G.J.K.M., P.J.M. Douma and J.G. Zandstra: CCK : making cartographic mate rials accessible. LQ 2(2), pp. 192-208. 1990 Vries, Dirk de: Automation of a mapcatalogue within the PICA-system: its evident profits and unsolved implications. LQ 2(2), pp. 137-143. 1990 BUILDING Elliot, James: The logistics of moving a map collection. LB 37, pp. 103-110. 198 6 Gunzel, Hermann: Die Entwicklung von Richtlinien fur die Einrichtung von Kartens ammlungen. LB 37, pp. 89-94. 1986 Wawrik, Franz: Remoddeling of the Map Department and Globe Museum of the Austria n National Library. LB 28, pp. 63-65. 1984 CATALOGUING Baarnhielm, Goran: Swedish National Bibliography: maps, plans and problems. LB 2 8, pp. 45-46. 1984 Campbell, Tony: Retroconversion of the British Library's map catalogue - the art of the possible. LQ 3(1), pp. 1-6. 1992 Clement-Van Alkemade, Riet: Map cataloguing and automation in The Netherlands: f rom amateur to professional. LB 28, pp. 13-16. 1984 Davies, Robert and Donals Moore: Cataloguing a large collection of manuscript ma ps; a system developed at the National Library of Wales. LB 22, pp. 8-9. 1982 Duchemin, Pierre-Yves: Retroconversion of French cartographic material card cata logues - an overview of the situation. LQ 3(1), pp. 37-40. 1992 Milis-Proost, Greta: Experiencing the retro-conversion of the Gent map catalogue . LQ 3(1), pp. 59-63. 1992 Smits, Jan: Automation and multi-part description. LQ 2(2), pp. 128-136. 1990 Smits, Jan: Frontiers of access to cartographic materials within a repository li brary. LB 28, pp. 34-39. 1984 Smits, Jan: Report about developments in retroconversion from the Groupe des Car tothecaires de LIBER. LQ 3(1), pp. 90-96. 1992 Vejlsgaard, Susan: Retro-conversion by keyboarding of the Danish National Biblio graphy, Cartographic Materials 1986-1990. LQ 3(1), pp. 97-108. 1992 Vries, Dirk de: Shall we catalogue the map or classify its information? LB 28, p p. 6-10. 1984 CLASSIFICATION Archier, Edwige: Les nouvelles regles des mots-matieres utilisees a la Bibliothe que Nationale de Paris et leur application aux documents cartographiques, LB 28, pp. 30-33. 1984 Babik, Wieslaw: Pragmatic model of lexical material organization for faceted cla ssification of cartographic materials. Forth. 1990 Snellenberg, Han: A comprehensive classification system for cartographic informa tion. LB 28, pp. 40-44. 1984 COLLECTION Bzinkowska, Jadwiga: The most valuable cartographic items from the collection of the Jagiellonian Library and their impact on scientific research. LQ 1, pp. 185-195. 1988 Colomar Albajar, Maria Antonia: Diffusion et promotion des documents cartographi ques en Espagne - les Archives des Indes de Seville (l'A.G.I.). LQ 3(1), pp. 7-22. 1992 Feijao, Maria Joaquina: The Cartographic Department of the Instituto da Bibliote ca Nacional e do Livro - its present situation and tendencies. LQ 3(1), pp. 41-51. 1992 Moore Patricia: The Clamorgan Record Office. LB 22, pp. 5-7. 1982 Szykula, Krystyna: The cartographic collection of the Wroclaw University Library - its nature and usefulness for readers. LQ 1, pp. 201-210. 1988 CONSERVATION Baines Cope, A.D.: The conservation of maps. LB 12, pp. 88-97. 1978 Barber, Peter: Binding versus map : conservation problems of a newly discovered mappemonde - general considerations. LB 37, pp. 95-101. 1986 Buhler, Jurg: Die Aufbewahrung von Karten in Hangemappen : Erfahrungen mit der V ertikallagerung von Karten in der Kartensammlung der ETH-Bibliothek Zurich. LB 37, pp. 63-77. 1986 Cernajsek, Tillfried: Probleme der Aufbewahrung und Konservierung von Karten an einer kleinen Fachbibliothek am Beispiel der Bibliothek der Geologischen Bundesanstalt. LB 37, pp. 53-56. 1986 Danckaert. Lisette: Conservation et tentative de preservation de plans cadastrau x du XIXe siecle. LB 22, pp. 18-19. 1982 Duranthon, Marc: Mesures de sauvegarde de documents rares a la Cartotheque de l' Institut Geographique National a Paris. LB 15, pp. 47-48. 1980 Hohener, Hans-Peter: Die Aufbewahrung der Karten in der Zentralbibliothek Zurich . LB 37, 57-61. 1986 Lindgren, Margaret: The Department of Maps and Prints at the University Library of Uppsala; storage and conservation problems. LB 22, p. 10. 1982 Lindgren, Margareta: New initiatives in Sweden on a national level regarding pap er and map conservation. LB 37, pp. 21-26. 1986 Milis-Proost, Greta: Map conservation in the University Library of Ghent. LB 37, pp. 33-36. 1986 Paterson, John: Map conservation in a collection of modern maps: problems and ju stification (summary). LB 22, pp. 17. 1982 Pelletier, Monique: Les problemes de conservation au Departement des Cartes et P lans de la Bibliotheque National [a Paris]. LB 22, pp. 15-16. 1982 Terrell, Christopher: A system for the storage and display of manuscript charts on vellum. LB 22, pp. 20-22. 1982 Vejlsgaard, Susan: Our attempts to solve storage and conservation problems at th e Royal Library Map Room despite limited space and lack of economic means. LB 37, pp. 27-32. 1986 Vries, Dirk de: Map storage in the new Leiden University Library. LB 37, pp. 45- 51. 1986 Wawrik, Franz: Konservatorische Erwagungen bei der Einrichtung des neuen Globenm useums der _sterreichischen Nationalbibliothek. LB 37, pp. 13-20. 1986 EDUCATION Smits, Jan: Developments in professional schooling for curators of map collectio ns and topographical-historical atlases in The Netherlands. LB 37, pp. 1-11. 1986 Wawrik, Franz: Basic and continued training of map curators. LQ 3(1), pp. 109-11 6. 1992 HISTORY Jacobs, Els M.: Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer Van Enckhuyzen (1533/4-1606): his impact on maritime cartography. LB 28, pp. 66-68. 1984 Montaner i Garcia, M. Carme: Organization of seminars on the history of cartogra phy, as promotion for the Cartoteca de Catalunya. LQ 3(1), pp. 64-66. 1992 ORGANISATIONS Bos, E.S.: The Netherlands Society for Cartography (NVK) and its Map Curators' G roup. LB 28, pp. 4-5. 1984 REPRODUCTION Goffinet, Patrick: Les archives cartographiques du SHOM : un programme de microf iches de securite. LB 15, pp. 35-46. 1980 Goulard, Claude: La microfiche en couleur: mythe ou realite?. LB 15, pp. 49-53. 1980 Pelletier, M.: Map microreproduction : goals and techniques : national and inter national prospects. LB 12, pp. 98-104. 1978 Pelletier, Monique: Map microfiches in the French National Library : a new progr amme. LB 37, pp. 83-87. 1986 Ruitinga, Lida: Facsimile maps and atlases and their function in the Map Collect ion of the University Library of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. LQ 3(1), pp. 77-89. 1992 Smits, Jan: The topographic record of The Netherlands 1800-1992 for sale. The Ca rtographic Journal, journal of the British Cartographic Society, Vol. 30(1), pp. 30-39. 1992 Tanazacq, Noel: La reproduction des cartes et des plans a la Bibliotheque Nation ale [a Paris]. LB 15, pp. 31-34. 1980 Tyacke, Sarah: The types of photographic process applied to maps in the British Library Map Library: a survey of existing facilities and future developments. LB 15, pp. 21-30. 1980 Wawrik, Franz: Experiments in photographing old globes. LB 15, pp. 54-58. 1980 RESTORATION Fackelmann, Michael: Das restaurieren von kartographischen Blattern aus Atlanten . LB 37, pp. 37-44. 1986 Milis-Proost, Greta: Resultats de cinq ans de restauration de cartes a la Biblio theque Universitaire de Gand. LB 22, pp. 11-14. 1982 SERVICE Milis-Proost, Greta: Map-use and user habits in the University Library of Gent. LQ 3(1), pp. 53-58. 1990 Patay, Klara: Map usage in Hungary. LQ 1, pp. 182-184. 1988 Smits, Jan: Report on the 'Inquiry into map-use and user-habits'. LQ 3, pp. 283- 310. 1988 Vries, Dirk de: The map librarian as intermediary between collection and user. L Q 1, pp. 175-181. 1988 Wawrik, Franz: User policy at the Austrian National Library's collection. LQ 1, pp. 196-200. 1988 ------------------------------ End of body part 2