Littorina littorea has almost certainly inhabited North America for a much
longer period than is generally understood, or accepted; certainly since
long before Europeans arrived on this continent.

For just one of many pieces of evidence in support of this statement, see:

Wares, John P., Deena S. Goldwater, Bo Y. Kong, and Clifford W. Cunningham.
2002. "Refuting a controversial case of human-mediated marine species
introduction" Ecological Letters 5:577-584.

Find it online, as a PDF file, at:

http://biology.unm.edu/Biology/fishes/people/mee/Wares%20et%20al.%202002.pdf

Enjoy

John

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