i read three letters about  synonyms

why are so many synonyms are made ? Usually, we say  the author didn't read
enough papers, we say the author didn't know the specimem is a young shell.

but i think the main reason is that we don't konw how much difference is
enough to make a species name valid.

In some families , a very small difference means a valid new species, but
in some families we need  huge difference to make a new name valid.

For examlpe, in Cypraeidae, we need very small difference, Cypraea arabica
and C.eglantina are both valid, Cypraea carneola and C.leviathan are both
valid.  But in Conidae, Conus samiae is consider as Syn. of C.sulcatus. if
you got a C.saniae from East China Sea and a C.sulcatus in your hand, you
will find the difference between C.samiae and C.sulcatus is far bigger than
difference between Cyprea carneola and C.leviathan. If the difference
between Conus samiae and C.sulcagus is not enough to make two name both
valid, How many tree snails Liggus spp. are valid ?

So, i think tons of syn came from that we don't have a valid criteria of
defference between two valid species.

Yes, a criteria exits, that is about hybride, unfortunately,It doesn't work.

No enough study on hybrid. if we had completely study on hybrid some day, i
believe there exits hybrid between two valid species even between two valid
families

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