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Date: | Mon, 13 Dec 2004 16:25:19 -0500 |
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> Littorina littorea has almost certainly inhabited North America for a much
> longer period than is generally understood, or accepted; certainly since
> long before Europeans arrived on this continent.
>
> For just one of many pieces of evidence in support of this statement, see:
>
> Wares, John P., Deena S. Goldwater, Bo Y. Kong, and Clifford W. Cunningham.
> 2002. "Refuting a controversial case of human-mediated marine species
> introduction" Ecological Letters 5:577-584.
>
Although that was the conclusion of that paper, I'm not convinced that they could truly rule out the possibility that the North American populations derive from multiple introductions from Europe, from populations not all sampled by their study. For that matter, the source populations could be extinct, e.g. if a European harbor with L. littorea in the 1000-1800 or so range later lost its population to pollution or habitat modification.
Dr. David Campbell
Old Seashells
University of Alabama
Biodiversity & Systematics
Dept. Biological Sciences
Box 870345
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0345 USA
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That is Uncle Joe, taken in the masonic regalia of a Grand Exalted Periwinkle of the Mystic Order of Whelks-P.G. Wodehouse, Romance at Droitgate Spa
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