Great resource, thanks, Charlie!

Sent from my iPhone

> On Oct 8, 2016, at 1:35 PM, [log in to unmask] wrote:
> 
> Carole,
> 
> From Chapter 29 of "The Mollusks: A Guide to their Study, Collection, and
> Preservation":
> 
> 29.2.6 Annelida. Almost all segmented marine worms (annelids, phylum
> Annelida) are polychaetes and occupy a great variety of habitats. In
> comparison to other annelids, polychaetes have high species diversity and
> many different body morphologies. Some polychaetes build and live in a
> variety of tubes. Two families of polychaetes, the serpulids [e.g.,
> Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 and Spirobranchus giganteus (Pallas,
> 1766)] and spirorbids (e.g., Spirorbis bifurcates Knight-Jones
> 1978)] produce calcium carbonate tubes (Figure 29.6), which are cemented
> on rocks and other hard surfaces. Polychaete tubes are secreted by a pair
> of large glands near the base of the worm’s crown. These tubes are
> sometimes misidentified as tubes belonging to small vermetid snails.
> 
> In general, tubes from vermetid snails are calcareous, three-layered
> tubes, with the inner layer being glossy. There may be a spiral protoconch
> present. Often there is a spiral (appears longitudinal) or a cancellate
> pattern to the shell’s surface. Polychaetes build two-layered tubes of
> unadorned mud, sand, or parchment (often decorated with sand, shell
> fragments, algae, or hydroids) or of hardened calcium carbonate. A live
> vermetid snail will often have an operculum at the opening of
> the tube, whereas a tube-dwelling polychaete may have a funnel shaped
> operculum that arises from a modified radiole (Keen 1961, ten Hove 1994).
> 
> As tube dwelling polychaetes, both serpulids and spirorbids bear a
> tentacular crown, as in feather duster worms, in addition to a
> funnel-shaped operculum that can be pulled into the end of the small
> calcareous tube when the worm withdraws. Serpulids form moderately
> straight tubes whereas spirorbids form tubes that coil to the right
> (dextral or right-handed) or left (sinistral or left-handed). In Hawaii,
> sea frost that occurs in tide pools, deeper reefs, and on harbor pilings
> is actually masses of white intertwining tubes of the serpulid Salmacina
> dysteri (Huxley, 1855) (Hoover 1998).
> 
> 
>> Good morning all, praying our Carolina / Georgia friends and all our
>> Jacksonville friends are not devastated by Matthew. Please Harry, Bill,
>> Everett,
>> Jean and all, let us know you are all right and if there is any way we can
>> help.  I have an extra room if needed.
>> To keep on topic, does anyone know how to tell the difference between
>> worm tubes and mollusk worm tubes. There is a small esoteric worm called
>> Thylaeodus, I am told lives in my Peanut Island area. I see a lot of
>> little
>> white tubes with longitudinal lines, but I am not sure if they are
>> mollusks or
>> worms. I did find one on a Spondylus, that I am sure of, but not sure
>> where
>> the  Spondylus is exactly from. I know it is S. Florida.
>> Can anyone tell me more about these?
>> Carole
>> 
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> 
> 
> Regards,
> Charlie
> .................................................
> Charlie Sturm
> 
> Treasurer
> American Malacological Society
> 
> Research Associate - Section of Mollusks
> Carnegie Museum of Natural History
> Pittsburgh, PA, USA
> 
> Associate Professor - Family Medicine
> Fellow-American Academy of Family Practice
> Fellow-Academy of Wilderness Medicine
> 
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