Ross,
is it possible that the reference you miss is among the following ones:

Bird, J.B. 1968. Littorina littorea: occurrence in northern Newfoundland
beach terrace, predating Norse settlements. Science 159, 114.



Clarke, A.H. 1971. Littorina littorea native or introduced? The Biologist
53, 160-162.



Clarke, A.H., and J.S. Erskine, 1961. Pre-Columbian Littorina littorea in
Nova Scotia. Science 134, 393-394.



Gendron, R.P. 1977. Habitat selection and migratory behaviour of intertidal
gastropod Littorina littorea (L). Journal of Animal Ecology 46, 77-92.



Spjeldnaes, N., and K.E. Henningsmoen, 1963. Littorina littorea: An
indicator of Norse settlement in North America? Science 141, 275-276.



Vermeij, G.J. 1982. Environmental changes and the evolutionary history of
the periwinkle (Littorina littorea) in North America. Evolution 36, 561-580.



 With best wishes from the still nippier Iceland,

Pall Einarsson



----- Original Message -----
From: "ross mayhew" <[log in to unmask]>
To: <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Friday, December 10, 2004 3:54 AM
Subject: Re: molluscs invading North America: what about Littorina littorea?


> Amongst "invasive" species, so far as i can figure out, Littorina
> littorea is a very interesting case:  So far as i understand it, the
> latest research indicates it was present in sub-Boreal Canada (NFLD,
> N.S.) for at least many hundreds of years  - "prior to 1200": i had a
> great reference but can't find it now!! -  , then around 1860 it took
> off down the New England coast, causing all sorts of havoc in its wake.
>
> My questions are:
>
> 1) What at the "best guesses" as to why this species which had been
> around for quite some time, suddenly expanded its range so quickly??
>
> and 2) What exactly were the negative consequenses of this dramatic and
> rapid range expansion?  I have read only brief descriptions, related to
> the high densities it attains (often over 500 specimens per square
> meter) and its food preferences: does anyone have a more detailed
> account of the ecosystem alterations it caused?
>
>>From the nippy Wilds of New Scotland,
> Ross Mayhew.
>
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