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Dear Colleagues,
Find attached a report concerning the activities of the Map
Curators Group of the European League of Research Libraries.
The first third of the report consists of an overview of the
history from 1978 up till 1992.
The second third is a report of the past 9th conference in
Zuerich, Switserland, September 1994.
The last third is an overview of all articles (except those of
1994 which are forthcoming) which resulting from the 8
conferences have been published in the Journal of LIBER.
The body of the text consists of 15 A4 pages, which is appr. 900
lines.
This information will also be send to LIS-MAPS.
With kind regards,
Jan Smits
Map Curator Royal Library, National Library of The Netherlands
Secretary Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER
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Cooperation between Mapcurators in Europe: an overview
Jan Smits, Royal Library, The Netherlands; Secretary Groupe des Cartothecaires
de LIBER (Ligue des
Bibliotheques Europeennes de Recherc
he)
From Round Table to Conference
On the initiative of Ib Roenne Kejlbo, the Maplibrarian of the Danish Royal Libr
ary, and under the aegis of
LIBER, a Roundtable Conference was organized for senior and junior staff member
s of Map departments.
After some deliberations discussions were to be focused on cataloguing problems,
ISBD(CM) (1) in particular,
problems regarding micro-copying, conservation problems, and training and educat
ion of map librarians. The
conference would be restricted to 25-30 persons ... "and it is hoped that the pa
rticipants will be both experts and
staff members of map departments who have just recently started their work there
". There were then still many
map-departments who had to run with inexperienced staff!
As the conference -which took place between 26-28 April 1978- was organized on a
rather short notice many
maplibrarians couldn't attend because they had obligations around the same dates
elsewhere. But those who
could attend (some 18 participants from 8 countries) were more than satisfied ab
out this try-out. The organizers
coaxed LIBER into publishing two papers about conservation and micro-copying in
the Liber Bulletin. The basic
feeling about the conference was well voices by Mrs. Wilkes of the National Libr
ary of Scotland. She was glad to
be able to report that not only the new world (America, Canada, Australia) could
organize their mapcurators,
but that now also Europe had proven that it could organize them as well. At the
same time she proposed an
exchange of staff between Scotland and Denmark "in order to broaden our ideas an
d to help solve problems".
What struck participants most was the friendly and informal atmosphere, which ma
de it easier to exchange
professional opinions and experiences. In this the staff of the Danish Royal Lib
rary has set a precedent which
has been followed ever since as best as possible. They also held a little inquir
y afterwards about how feelings
were about forming a regular maplibrarians group and what the topics to be handl
ed should be. The results
showed that obviously the group's programme would have to be attuned with that o
f the IFLA, Geography &
Map-library Section. However, in contrast with the latter, it was felt that the
LIBER group should not be limited
to libraries only, but that especially archives and map-producing agencies shoul
d be included as much as
possible. Because of conference-expenses, as one wished also the smaller institu
tions to attend, a 2-year
conference-cycle was wished for. To spread the knowledge which was exchanged dur
ing the conference as wide
as possible it was felt that all papers should be published in the Liber-Bulleti
n and reports of the meetings in
the relevant national and international journals. Though the informal atmosphere
was cherished at the same
time the need for wider participation was felt. To unite these last wishes would
mean tension in future. Most of
the wishes and ideas voiced then are still valid today and the topics of this fi
rst conference are incorporated in
the present programme of actions.
As a result of this first meeting the then LIBER-President Mr. Humphries thought
it to "be worthwhile
considering the setting up of a group for map librarians within LIBER ...". His
wish was fulfilled in 1980 in Paris
where formally a 'Groupe des Cartothecaires' within LIBER was established. Thoug
h the organization was a bit
haphazard, due to the short time available and the building up of an administrat
ive organisation, it was a success
because of the enthusiasm of the organizers and participants. Prior to this conf
erence an 'Inquiry about map
accessions' was held. The inquiry was concerned with the number of (professional
) personnel available and the
(dis)advantages of the sources of information (catalogues, lists, bibliographies
etc. both for new and antiquarian
maps) which were consulted for acquisitions. The 35 participants from 9 countrie
s (plus an observer from
Canada!) discussed this inquiry and the topic of reproduction (photocopy, photog
raphy and micrography). The
conclusions of the inquiry were that there was insufficient personnel and that t
he sources of information, except
for the too few national bibliographies, had to be used with care and precaution
.
Another attraction of this conference might have been the possibility to visit t
he big exhibition in the Centre
Georges Pompidou under the title "Cartes et figures de la terre". Many probably
still treasure the grand 479
page catalogue which went with it.
Thanks to the expedient way in which Monique Pelletier of the Bibliotheque Natio
nal a Paris processed the
papers they were soon after published in a special issue of the LIBER Bulletin.
Now that the group was established it didn't take long before the next conferenc
e in Great-Britain was being
organized. Many will have relished the fact that a preliminary notice was distri
buted one year in advance,
making planning easier. The aim of this conference was three-fold: to introduce
participants to the working of
the British Ordnance Survey, to show a variety of map-repositories and to discus
s problems of conserving and
housing maps. Donald Moore, National Library of Wales, and Monique Pelletier did
all they could to make an
as interesting as possible conference and succeeded in getting some 28 persons f
rom 6 countries to attend. They
visited map-collections in Southampton, Cardiff and Oxford and had a fruitful ex
change of views about
conservation in Cardiff. Within 2 years the proceedings were again published in
the LIBER Bulletin.
Soon colleagues in The Netherlands were to know what the mapcurators group meant
, thanks to the efforts of
Monique Pelletier. To create continuity she started to make lists of corresponde
nts in each country who would
be kept informed of developments. This time discussion were to focus on catalogu
ing and automation and
special problems of maps in archives. For some reason the attendance in 1984 sud
denly was overwhelming, 54
persons from 12 countries. Maybe it was because the Netherlands boasted two unif
ied automated cataloguing
systems, of which one was specifically designed for maps? Or was it the fact tha
t many antiquarian maps could
be encountered there, the country having been predominant in map-producing in th
e 17th and early 18th
century. However, most of the conference-time was spent with the topics on the a
genda. Besides the automation
of catalogue-titles it was the first time graphic indexes, which were distilled
from a title-database, were shown.
During the LIBER-meeting it was decided that the office of National Corresponden
t (NC) should be
constituted. Some countries, a.o. Spain, have 2 NC's due to regional differences
of organisation. It was also
decided that these NC's would provide to the next meetings a national report con
cerning the developments in
the 2 years before. This would give a good overall insight in European developme
nts. Up till now this has
proven a very valuable device for keeping up-to-date over a whole range of issue
s. Jim Elliot was able to publish
the papers in 1986
The present Secretary provided every corresponding member with a 'list of corres
pondents' in the hope that it
could be updated with every circular that went out. Unfortunately this has prove
n impossible up till now. The
next year another questionnaire was distributed, this time concerned with mapcur
atorship in general. It focused
mainly on the degree of national organisation, education, future conferences and
news-distribution. There were
some 44 responses from 13 countries, showing a terrible lack of training-facilit
ies.
In 1986 in Vienna, Austria, some 66 participants from 13 countries threw themsel
ves again at the topic of
conservation and storage, resulting in 14 papers giving practical points of view
. The problems mapcurators have
with this topic is shown in the fact that there is a lot of literature about res
toration, but hardly any about special
storage-equipment. This means that most collections create local solutions, on t
he premises themselves or in
collaboration with local manufacturers. It will take still some time before the
maps in most collections are stored
properly in special map-furniture, but there was a lot learned during this confe
rence.
To show again the broadmindedness of this group concerning its membership it was
agreed during the LIBER-
meeting that in future mapcurators of central and eastern Europe could participa
te in its conferences.
Furthermore an 'Archives Liaison Committee' and a 'Workinggroup for the Educatio
n of Mapcuratorship' were
constituted to create more permanence.
There was also a post-conference session concerning national bibliographies with
the IFLA/ICA (2) Joint Inter-
Associational Working Group on Documentation in Cartography.
This time the publishing of the conference papers was very difficult. But after
a lot of negotiations they were
finally published in 1990 as the last issue of the LIBER bulletin.
Based on an example of Monique Pelletier the Board sent out in 1987 an 'Inquiry
into map-use and user-habits
in Europe'. For such a small group this was an ambitious project. Therefor it wa
s very satisfying to report that
there were almost 3,000 responses from the clientele of some 100 mapcollections.
During that time there was
also a request from Spain for information about mapcuratorgroups and their activ
ities, showing that experience
gained elsewhere was actually being exchanged.
In Sweden 1988 the programme was centred on questions concerning map-use and use
r-habits. Besides many
papers there were also two sessions devoted to workshops and a general discussio
n. This was also the first time
we could exchange views and experiences with colleagues from Poland and Hungary.
Unfortunately, because of
changes within the main LIBER-body, the papers could only only be published in 1
991, including a report
concerning the inquiry.
The next conference took place in Paris in 1990 and was concerned with 'new tech
nologies and their impact on
mapcuratorship'. The Board had hoped new production-methods of maps and their pr
oblems also would be
discussed, but were still satisfied with the wide variety of automated catalogui
ng which was offered. Some 6
systems were discussed and/or demonstrated ranging from PC-catalogue through cus
tom-made systems to
general bibliographical systems. Next to the national progress reports there was
also a report on education and
training over the past 2 years. This time there was a considerable contingent of
participants coming from
Barcelona and Madrid. They hosted the next conference in 1992, which took place
in Barcelona, under the
theme 'Diffusion and promotion of cartographic materials'. More specific it conc
erned itself with problems of
lending, facsimiles, carto-catalogues, acquisition, and directories of map-colle
ctions. In this context it is pleasant
to see that the 6-year 'curs Historia de la cartografia', organized a.o. by the
Institut Cartografic de Catalunya,
devotes about a third of its curriculum to the description of mapcollections and
the organisation of
mapcuratorship of all the six countries involved. A secondary benefit is that li
sts of descriptions of map-
collections are being published which hitherto haven't been available. The Spani
sh organizing committee did a
grand survey of Spain and laid this down in a 199 p. report (3).
The Barcelona-conference however served two purposes: the conference itself and
the IFLA-conference in 1993
in Barcelona. Here we return to the start of this group when the idea was voiced
to attune programmes with the
IFLA, Geography & Map Library Section. Some sessions in 1992 were devoted to pro
blems concerning retro-
conversion. This will be the enigma for the 1990's. Everyone wants to have autom
ated cataloguing c.q.
documentation systems. But how to convert the traditional fiche-catalogues to th
e automated systems and where
to get the finances to do so! Developments in the European field were presented
to the IFLA in 1993 for a
global review. One of the questions we try to solve is how we can profit from th
ose catalogues in Europe which
already have been converted. Especially when these are concerned with older mate
rial or antiquarian maps there
are possibilities. It was also decided to have a more permanent exchange of info
rmation between the IFLA and
LIBER mapcurator groups.
Mapcuratorship in transition
Report on the 9th conference of the Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER
26-29 September 1994, Zurich, Switzerland
This report will give a summary of the conference. That is, the papers read will
be summarized to sketch some
of the developments and the ensuing discussions -which took up half of the confe
rence time- will be reported.
Though some attempt has been made to state conclusions it is hoped that this doc
ument may lead to further
fruitful discussions between map curators and colleagues in general.
Introduction
All around the world there is a development to automate or digitize information.
Not only because information
is more speedily given, but also so because the information contents can be mani
pulated and more easily
transferred to places other than where it was originally produced or stored. At
the same time there lurks the
possibility that more traditional sources of information will be discarded or lo
oked upon as becoming obsolete.
History teaches us that no invention is perfect and that only later posterity ma
y perceive that obsolete artifacts,
media or technologies even in modern times can and will have their usefulness.
People working in libraries, archives and documentation-centres have been from t
ime immemorial guardians of
historical and cultural records. They see it as their task to provide the inform
ation they manage in the right
format to their customers and as speedily as they can. But they see it also as t
heir duty to preserve the
information they have gathered in the best possible way in order that future cli
ents or generations can profit
from it. Even when they are forced to follow the developments towards new media
they must ask themselves
how their changing working-practices will influence the availability and use of
information.
When we are involved in a time of transition it is very easy, for feelings of se
curity, to choose for tradition or for
modernization. That is, one can totally rely on the traditional holdings, becaus
e they are known best, because
more of them are accessed, because one knows how to handle them, how to care for
them, how to write about
them and promote them. However such an approach may let the materials that are p
reserved evolve into
museum pieces. On the other hand one can easily fall for the magic of new techno
logies, as they seem to
promise to solve a lot of the traditional problems of space in stockrooms, acces
s, promotion and usability.
It is very difficult to try to find a balance between the one approach and the o
ther. Society may require us, as
curators of part of its historical and cultural heritage, to approach these new
technologies and products with
caution. When they hold promise we have to investigate their possible uses. But
we also have to try to apply
these new technologies to our traditional holdings and, if possible, to integrat
e them with our traditional
practices.
As developments in Europe are uneven, what better possibility is there than a co
nference where colleagues can
meet, get information and discuss the influences these changes can have on us an
d our working-practices.
Reader
To foster discussions during the conference the Board of the Groupe des Cartothe
caires de LIBER (GdC) and
the Swiss Organizing Committee (SOC) thought it wise to issue a reader to the pa
rticipants one month before
the conference actually took place. Because the articles in the reader concern m
any aspects of the topic and
because those not present during the conference may wish to read up on these mat
ters the titles are reproduced
here. Some of the articles were taken from journals, some from Internet sources.
Competencies for electronic information services / John Corbin
In: The Public-access Computer Systems Review 4, no. 6 (1993) p. 5-22 [10 p.]
What is a map? / I. Vasiliev ... [et al.]
In: The Cartographic Journal, journal of the British Cartographic Society, Vol.
27, December 1990, p. 119-123
Cartography, GIS and maps in perspective / M. Visvalingam
In: The Cartographic Journal, journal of the British Cartographic Society, Vol.
26, June 1989, p. 26-32
Accessing the world of digital spatial data / by Mary L. Larsgaard
In: Information Bulletin Western Association of Map Libraries, Vol. 23, no. 3, J
une 1992, p. 188-207
Includes 14 p. dictionary of technical terms.
Glossary [of terms and definitions for spatial digital data]
Appendix to: Content standards for digital geospatial metadata (June 8) / Federa
l Geographic Data Committee,
1994
The standards are available from anonymous FTP server fgdc.er.usgs.gov in direct
ory gdc\metadata or can be
requested by electronic mail on [log in to unmask]
Exploring the impact of digital cartographic data on map librarianship using dat
a use models / by Ming-Kan
Wong.
In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 2-14
Configuration of computers in map libraries / by Robert S. Allen.
In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 15-23
"Automation and map librarianship: three issues" / by Christene Kollen & Charlen
e Baldwin.
In: Bulletin 173, September 1993, SLA Geography and Map Division, p. 24-36
Report on THE MAP LIBRARY IN TRANSITION : a joint conference sponsored by the Co
ngress of
Cartographic Specialists Associations and the Geography and Map Division of the
Library of Congress, October
18 & 19, 1993, 10 p.
From: MAPS-L (Maps and Air Photo Systems forum, an American discussion list on I
nternet)
The state of map libraries and archives / [statement by the CCISA]. 2 p.
From: MAPS-L (Maps and Air Photo Systems forum, an American discussion list on I
nternet)
Exploring the Internet / Tony Addyma.
In: Serials : the journal of the United Kingdom Serials Group, Vol. 7, No. 2, Ju
ly 1994, p. 133-141
What a tangled web they wove ... / Kurt Kleiner
In: New Scientist, 30 July 1994, p. 35-39
Conference
The conference was held in Zurich on September 26-29, 1994, and was attended by
64 participants from 17
countries. For the first time a keynote speaker was invited from the U.S.A. beca
use the European colleagues
wanted to know how the advancement of the new technologies and media had been in
corporated into the
American map collections and how they had fared.
Though there had been participants from Central and Eastern Europe in former con
ferences, there never had
been so many as this time. This was mainly due to a very generous gift of the 'I
nstitut fur Technologie' in
Zurich, which made it possible for 9 colleagues from Estonia, Hungary, Poland, R
ussia and Slovenia to attend.
In this way the integration of Europe is well served and the necessary exchange
of information is promoted
better. It is curious to see how unevenly the new technologies invade our office
s. Only 16 of the participants had
e-mail at their disposal and 4 of them came from Central and Eastern European co
untries!
During the conference 14 papers were read on various topics and there were 7 hou
rs of discussions. In addition
there were 6 demonstration stands on digital maps, 6 poster displays, and a vide
o concerning the renovation and
planned extension to Det Kongelige Bibliotek in Copenhagen. Though the programme
seemed overcrowded
almost all the participants attended every meeting and session, showing how much
they are involved with the
matters at hand.
National progress reports
Since 1988 it has been usual for National Progress Reports to be read. They show
developments within a
country in the interval between the bi-annual conferences. Their contents are co
ncerned with activities of map
curator groups, education, automation, acquisition and collection development, c
onservation and restoration,
conferences and symposia, exhibitions and important publications. During this co
nference some 14 reports were
read. They are published in ERLC The LIBER Quarterly, Vol 4.1994.4. These sessio
ns have become a very
good means of having a general overview of developments all over Europe.
Papers
Our American guest, Patrick McGlamery from the Homer Babbige Library of the Univ
ersity of Connecticut, as
keynote speaker started with an eye-opener: "We are map librarians, and, like it
or not, we are in the forefront
of library information technology". Following on from a brief history of map pri
nting he showed how far
advanced into new technologies map producers are. We have reached the point in s
patial information evolution
where the amount of spatial information available outstrips the ability to repre
sent it cartographically. This
makes producers of spatial information adopt digital techniques more quickly and
more widely than in other
fields of publication, putting them some years ahead of other publishers. The fu
ndamental nature of spatial
information, and mapping, has changed. At the same time the functions of the map
library have changed. Free
access to information is a fundamental freedom in the U.S.A., but the burden and
responsibility of distributing
this information has shifted from the producers to the libraries. Use also chang
es. With traditional materials
only one person, at one place, at one time can use a specific map. A digital map
is accessible from many places
simultaneously with limitation posed upon it only by network software and produc
er constraints. These digital
sources pose new problems: user abilities, network abilities and fiscal abilitie
s. As map librarians we have to
work from our traditional strengths, i.e. to collect, to describe and to access.
But we must be careful not to
become computer laboratory managers as the information can only be accessed thro
ugh more or less
sophisticated tools. If possible the responsibility for providing sophisticated
tools, like geographic information
systems (GIS), must be laid with the users. Our main role will still be to provi
de access to spatial information in
analogue or digital form and the question is in how far we will aid users in acc
essing this information.
Next Professor Ernst Spiess of the Department of Cartography of the ETH, Zurich,
Switzerland, discussed some
problems with the use of electronic atlases. For a map library the diversity of
products poses the problem of
how far to go in offering the users the necessary facilities for the consultatio
n or use of these materials. In view
of the expensive equipment and high level of competency of the personnel and the
large amount of assistance
involved, the libraries might have to charge clients for their services like a c
ommercial organization. One of the
problems that has to be addressed in digital maps is their high resolution. In t
his hard copy maps are as yet
unsurpassed. The use of electronic atlases brings forward another problem that i
s already inherent in traditional
requests to map libraries. While some people's interest is restricted to consult
ing maps and extracting a few
specific details, others are looking for maps or map components which they may u
se as a base for their own
mapping projects. The latter also implies delicate problems of copyright. Produc
ers usually do not allow the data
to pass on to third parties, but buying the digital data sets entails enormous a
mounts of money. He then went
on to describe some of the uses of certain digital databases and electronic atla
ses.
Goran Baarnhielm of the Map Department of the Kunglige Biblioteket, Stockholm, S
weden, showed the
functions of the bi-lingual National PC Atlas of Sweden. The PC Atlas is intend
ed to be an introduction to GIS,
to support the digital processing of maps and spatial data in schools and librar
ies and to be a supplement to the
Atlas books as well as a stand-alone system. It contains, amongst other features
, a search system for most of the
official map series of Sweden. The maps are represented as rectangular frames ag
ainst the background of a
more or less sophisticated base map. One can also search for entries from the an
nual cartobibliography of
Sweden produced by the Kunglige Biblioteket, and these can also be represented b
y rectangular frames. One
can also locate toponyms and display various statistical data at the municipalit
y, county and national level.
The users are not expected to know anything about GIS, so simplicity rather than
flexibility has been a
guideline. There are three levels of use. The first is simply 'read and browse'.
It is based on ready made 'pages',
which are turned over by clicking a button. The second level is for the more adv
anced user, who can change
variables and areas, select diagram types, etc. At the third level one can modif
y the scripts controlling the
programme and make one's own PC Atlas.
Lorenz Hurni of the Bundesamt fur Landestopographie sketched the transition in S
witzerland from analogue to
digital topographical maps. The original print-ready films of the national map s
eries 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000,
1:200,000, 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 have been scanned separately (colour by col
our) and geocoded in order to
create 'pixel maps' with a resolution of 508 dpi. The data sets are available in
separate layers or combined in
one colour file per sheet. Connected to this is the project "CADCARTO", which ai
ms at the updating of existing
analogue maps by digital means. "DHM25" is a digital height model which describe
s the topographic surface
(elevations only). It consists of a basic model and a matrix model. "Vector200"
is an automatically vectorized
data set and consists of the line and area elements, the symbols and toponyms of
the 1:200,000 series. Most data
sets are available in several formats. There are several more base map or themat
ic map projects in the
specification or evaluation phase. The data sets have been produced for professi
onal use. Possible applications
range from basic data for GIS and cartographic applications to scientific modell
ing.
Hans-Ulrich Zaugg described the function of GEOSTAT within the Swiss Federal Sta
tistical Office. It maintains
with its GIS infrastructure a specialized user communications team which concent
rates on data diffusion, advice
and information in this field. Therefore it maintains a close contact between da
ta owners and data users and has
institutionalized an exchange of information and of experience on geographic and
spatially relevant data and
information systems. GEOSTAT contains a federal GIS database of geocoded, spatia
lly relevant data sets
coming from varying, mostly governmental sources. Services offered to official,
research and private customers
include dissemination of raw digital data in various formats, custom analysis of
specific data and data
combinations, presentation of data and an analysis of results in the form of cus
tomized computer plots, as well
as the generation of statistical data tables for specific, but traditionally ins
oluble spatially defined and related
questions. Further significant enhancements may include innovative data such as
satellite imagery or
environmental information.
The ability to guarantee free or reasonably priced data access to anybody will b
e the most difficult part in
future. Copyright and property issues on digital data will further slow down or
in certain cases stop the efforts to
prepare data for public use. Circumstances may force the office to shift their e
mphasis from data supply to
function rather as an information centre providing free information about what g
eocoded digital data is, as well
as how, on what terms, for which price, and where it is available. Public librar
ies and official services will have
to work together and share resources in this field of common interest.
Bob Parry of the Department of Geography of the University of Reading, United Ki
ngdom, suggested that map
libraries need to acquire digital mapping in order to make new spatial data sets
available to their users, attract
new kind of users and provide new opportunities for visualizing spatial distribu
tions. This creates many problems
for a university map collection in setting up an electronic library and wanting
to use the kind of stand-alone
digital map packages on hard disk and CD-ROM currently being acquired by many UK
map libraries. He
examined their value within the context of traditional map library use, and thei
r contribution towards the future
role of map collections in an information society. Self-contained electronic atl
ases and other map packages may
seem very convenient and an easy accessed digital complement to conventional res
ources, but each has its
limitations and the more flexible and sophisticated the packages become, the lon
ger is the learning curve for
both curators/librarians and and users. Though there is a possibility, because o
f electronic communication
technology, that users will not need to visit a map room any more, that would be
unwise. An ability to
understand and interpret spatial images must remain part of the stock-in-trade o
f the map curator.
Hans Zimmermann of the Bundesamt fur Raumplanung in Bern, Switzerland explained
the possibilities of the
INFOPLAN system. This is a GIS for federal planning purposes or spatial phenomen
a. The data for the objects
are organized in a database and the spatial facts can be represented cartographi
cally. Digitized maps as well as
scanned maps, aerial photographs or satellite images can function as background.
The maps and the database
are connected in such a way that a direct mutual random selection becomes possib
le. The main purpose of
INFOPLAN is to combine and visualize in any possible combination planning inform
ation from different
sources. Because of this objective actual object-information is more important t
han the highest accuracy.
Before discussions took place Patrick McGlamery took us on an Internet tour, dur
ing which we visited on line
his CD-ROM player MAGIC (Map and Geographic Information Circulation) in the Univ
ersity of Connecticut,
and afterwards viewed a scanned old map of Paris held in one of the other Americ
an university libraries.
Though this was a short visit it made participants eager to research this new te
chnology for possible future use.
The next day Niklaus Butikofer of the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern addressed t
he problems of archiving
electronic information. Archives must continue to be available, usable, understa
ndable and authentic over long
periods of time. Use of digital technology liberates the information itself from
the storage medium. But this
information is not only a set of data, this information is an aggregation of dat
a, context and processing functions.
In this view archivists cannot confine their actions to storage media, rather th
ey have to consider whole systems,
including context and devices that are able to read and display the data on the
storage medium in an adequate
manner. Digital maps distributed on removable storage media (e.g. on CD-ROM) wil
l probably only be of
transitory relevance and soon will be superseded by online GIS, which are centra
lly managed and continuously
updated. Usually such systems are a-historic because they do not keep the histor
y of their data and they have no
adequate means to retain evidence of information authorship. Authenticity as wel
l as historicity are important as
users, now and in the future, want to know who has produced the information that
is read on a screen and when
the information has been produced. Moreover, they want to be sure the informatio
n is the same information
that the author originally produced, and the same information a colleague made r
eference to in his footnote.
When confronted with these issues archives and libraries have the following opti
ons: 1) do nothing; 2) transfer
GIS, when abandoned, to archives; 3) acquire regular 'snapshots' or history file
s; 4) charge producers by law or
by payment to preserve their systems. It is clear that only options 3 and 4 are
valid.
Next Karl Bohler of the ETH-Bibliothek, Zurich, Switzerland, tried to give an in
sight into the maintenance and
archival storage of digital data. Coming to grips with new technologies becomes
more and more of a challenge,
even for librarians. Whatever the suppliers of software-products claim, the inst
allation of software and
peripherals on a common desktop computer is often a difficult task. Through some
examples he showed how to
avoid compatibility problems and drew attention to widespread installation traps
. Further consideration was
given to maintenance of hard- and software, change of device, scanning of docume
nts, decay of data backups
and archival storage of digital information.
Martin Gubler of Marstetten and Thomas Kloti of the Stadt- und Universitatsbibli
othek, Bern, Switzerland,
explained how colour microfilm can be an intermediate solution for scanned image
s. Objects like maps and
plans can be photographed with computer controlled cameras, high precision lense
s and the high resolution
colour film. With this combination it is possible to routinely produce micro-cop
ies with a resolution of
approximately 140-180 lpmm (line-pairs per millimetre) and a warranted dye stabi
lity of over 200 years. Thus
the colour microfilm functions as an 'inter-original', replacing the original ar
tefact for conventional or digital
processing. The uniform size of the microfilm copies also makes possible the use
of standardised Photo-CD at
low costs. In the digital world the 24 x 36 mm colour microfilm copy represents
an inexpensive and virtually
forgery-proof database of at least 30 Mb per image. Thanks to its independence o
f specific digital systems the
microfilm inter-original is successfully able to meet any future and hitherto un
known challenge.
Jan Smits of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag, The Netherlands discussed so
me problems and possible
solutions when describing digital maps with ISBD and Unimarc. Developments are s
uch that we are not only
responsible for accessing analogue maps but also digital maps are requiring our
attention. Some even think we
might have to go a further step and also have to consider spatial data sec. Then
we shall not only have to
understand the qualities of finished products but also grasp at the potential of
continuously updated (technical
and contents) databases.
Sofar, when discussing the problems of cataloguing digital material, we have not
gone much further than looking
at the ISBDs. The ISBD is a vehicle to give form and structure to a description
in such a way that, when
represented, it can be understood beyond the reach of a specific language. It ca
n make a specific item more
identifiable. However to be able to use the description for cataloguing purposes
and in OPAC surroundings we
have to adapt the MARC-formats. To analyse the map's contents better, especially
where generic material is
concerned and to be better able to retrieve the information requested we have to
evaluate the possibilities the
MARC-formats may allow. For this 'coded information' is invaluable. However, the
revision cycle of
internationally accepted standards is rather slow due to the need of consultatio
n. To keep up with developments
in the practical field we have to get to learn to use the electronic communicati
on networks to be able to amend
parts of the MARC-formats more quickly.
Will we be a library or a laboratory? Chris Perkins of Manchester University, Un
ited Kingdom, posed some
questions about the implications of spatial data provision. How have libraries a
dapted to the digital transition,
and what strategies might be adopted in the future? Why has so much been written
in the last five years about
incorporating digital mapping into conventional collections, and yet so little a
chieved by most collections in
active transformations of their services? He evaluated these issues in the light
of the nature of digital products,
library experience in delivering spatial data, and a more detailed analysis of t
he implications for different library
practices. The problems of whether and how to acquire digital spatial data, and
the implications for archiving
and storage were considered. Further bibliographic description and retrieval wer
e evaluated and the implications
for user services discussed. He compared four different scenarios for the future
. Innovation of new technologies
will be uneven across space and cultures, and a more critical appraisal of the i
mplications of moving from a
library to a laboratory based system will be needed.
Andrew Tatham of the Royal Geographical Society, London, United Kingdom, wondere
d whether the map
curator can adapt. Map curators must have knowledge of available cartographic ma
terials, of users' needs and
capabilities, and of the necessary processes for ensuring that the users' needs
can be met by the available
material. Though knowledge of each of these categories is needed also for digita
l materials, the new
technological changes require a completely different spectrum of this knowledge.
The resources required by the
map curator are significantly different too. While the chain connecting the real
world with the map users' image
of the real world survives whatever material is used to construct the links, the
user is now able to grasp and
control the chain much nearer to its start. Consequently, the map curator is no
longer providing the user with
someone else's selection and presentation of data, but with the data itself - an
d with the means by which the
user can select and present the data to inform or mould an image of the real wor
ld. The question is whether or
not the map curator wants to have the necessary confidence to make the different
response demanded by the
technological changes, that is, does the map curator want to be counted as a dea
ler in information or a dealer in
artifacts. The solution of this problem lies in how far map curators want to lim
it themselves in embracing the
new technologies and how able they are to forge links with other departments wit
hin their organisations which
also have to work with these new technologies.
During the last day of the conference Jadwiga Bzinkowska of the Jagiellonian Uni
versity Library, Krakow,
Poland, read a paper concerning the introduction of the VTLS (Virginia Tech Libr
ary System) in 11 Polish
university libraries, and in her library in particular. Three VTLS modules are i
nstalled already (AFAS,
cataloguing and OPAC) and within an unspecified time modules for circulation con
trol and journal indexing will
be installed. The next phase will be the installation of a module for special co
llections, including cartographic
materials. The system incorporates functions to communicate with Internet source
s. In the near future they will
also consider scanning images which can be provided through the same computer sy
stem. Furthermore she
discussed the new mapping plans in Poland and the setting up of an integrated sp
atial information system.
All the papers will be published in ERLC The Liber Quarterly.
Discussions
It was planned that discussions would take place in language groups or thematic
groups, but after the first
session it was decided to have only plenary sessions. The report that follows is
based on concise written reports
by Andrew Fagg, Andrew Tatham, and Margareta Lindgren, and the critical remarks
of the reviewers
Christopher Fleet, Andrew Tatham, and Monique Pelletier.
Experiences in contacts with purveyors or producers of spatial data show that sp
atial information, because of its
vastness and need of organisation, has been more quickly digitized or automated
than any other kind of
information except administrative data. This puts geomatics far ahead of any ot
her field of science with which
libraries, archives and related bodies condern themselves. It seems that involve
ment in computer applications
depends partly on whether map collections include large scale data (e.g. cadastr
al maps) or only traditional
cartographic materials at scales of 1:25,000 and smaller, except for town plans.
The problems do not seem to
arise so much in stand alone data sets, but more in remote access databases of b
asic data sets (such as
cadastral, topographical, geological series, etc.) which are constantly updated
and which have an undefined
applicability.
The leading words in the discussions were those highlighted by Andrew Tatham: LI
MITS and LINKS. To what
degree of sophistication should map collections integrate new technologies and d
igital spatial data and where
can they find support within their own institutions or in co-operation with othe
r institutions.
The co-operation of producers in disseminating digital spatial information was s
een as vital, though it was
recognised that in this there are financial constraints on national mapping agen
cies as cost-recovery becomes
more and more an important incentive. Irrespective of this it was felt that prod
ucers should improve the quality
of their products by ridding them of errors and bugs. This could be done when ma
p curators who use their
products reviewed and criticized them. However, producers should tag digital dat
a, which would improve the
possibility of cataloguing the information contained. One problem in the relatio
nship between producers and
map collections and their users is the variation among different copyright acts
in Europe. Government policies
should address this problem, not only by reviewing national copyright acts but a
lso by inter-European
comparisons, as electronic information recognises national borders even less tha
n analogue information. Maybe
it is possible to extend copyright to the areas of preservation and access, thou
gh of course this would need
separate funding.
Another problem stems from the different legal deposit acts. Though Sweden, Finl
and, Denmark and France
recognize digital information within their acts they are as yet a minority in Eu
rope. It would be wise to review
existing regulations in all European countries for the benefit of map curators.
If governments want national
libraries and national archives to play a role in this field they must provide e
xtra funding as initial investments
cannot be financed from present budgets.
There are but few examples of sharing data. In the United Kingdom CHEST (Combine
d Higher Education
Software Team) was formed to obtain data and software and supply it at low costs
to higher education
institutions. CHEST acquires data (e.g. Bartholomew 1:250,000 UK data) and softw
are (e.g. Arc-Info) for
educational and research purposes. It is government funded, negotiates purchases
and makes copyright deals. In
general shared acquisition should be determined by user groups. The institutions
should be networked and have
high power hardware and software to be able to manipulate geodata. Distributed l
icenses have the advantage
that they are cheaper than multiple single licenses, as the licensee may be defi
ned as a single institution. To be
able to share digital resources participating institutions need compatible stand
ards, or have standards created by
default. Patrick McGlamery said that many universities in the U.S.A. have obtain
ed a free software package
(Arc-View or Arc-Info) from ESRI to enable them to use the digital data sets. Ma
ybe European libraries could
discuss this matter with ESRI. When CD-ROMS are involved networking should alway
s be considered. The
Netherlands feel the sharing of data is unlikely because all universities have d
ifferent research interests. Sharing
digital data sets could be integrated with co-operative collection development p
olicies, though there are different
functions in this for university libraries and national libraries.
Another controversy is whether one should own data or whether one should subscri
be to it. Producers will
either restrict access to data on networks or restrict users to certain data set
s, and will wonder how the use of
digital data is monitored or controlled by libraries. Of course it is possible t
hat licenses are payable per 'loan' as
with 'performing rights'. If the producers are not willing to license their digi
tal data sets libraries can act as
mediators between users and producers.
Legal obligations make it necessary, some feel, that data should be uncorrupted,
hence they should be archived
in analogue formats. Others feel that digital data sets should be archived digit
ally. Archiving the data is or
should be based on legal obligations or national rules. Unfortunately archives o
nly acquire digital data if they
are mandated to do so. In many countries the problems of archiving digital data
are not really addressed. In
Denmark topographical digital data is transferred to Det Kongelige Bibliotek but
with constraints on how it can
be used. In France there is a specific extension to the legal deposit act. From
1995 onwards the Cartoteca de
Catalunya will have deposit of digital data from the Institut Cartographic de Ca
talunya. A leading sentiment is
that there should be clear political, centrally administered decisions concernin
g commercial use and public
domain access. Some feel that governments should set up a new central institutio
n with enough hard- and
software, and a clearly defined legal statement of tasks and the position toward
s data producers. A confrontation
and solution will indeed soon be necessary as products as well as scientific dem
and are expanding rapidly. It
might be desirable that governments follow the U.S. government which decreed the
Contents Standards for
Digital Spatial Metadata (see under 'Reader') which helps at least to put form
and structure to metadata
describing the vast amounts of digital spatial data sets. This process could be
guided by CEN/TC 287 (Comite
Europeen de Normalisation/Technical Committee 287): Geographic Information and C
EN/TC 211: Geographic
Information.
Map evidence is essential and will continue to be so. There is as yet no distinc
t form in which we can archive
digital data. A solution could be to make raster scans or vectorize the data to
make them independent of hard-
and software. In the United Kingdom some digital data is being archived on micro
film (SIM = Survey
Information on Microfilm). But the problem is pressing. Between now and the year
2000 many official
organisations in many countries will stop providing large scale mapping in analo
gue formats. Map curators are
wondering how we will preserve historic data sets for future generations. And ho
w can we replicate the services
which we have performed in the past? What kind of service do the producers offer
in this transition to digital
data. The Ordnance Survey made an interim offer of providing microfilms. But in
the longer run this is not
economically viable. The sentiment in the United Kingdom is that the Ordnance Su
rvey should be responsible
for archiving their data, as is the British Geological Survey. The producer shou
ld keep track of obsolete data.
For large scale mapping it is hard to trace who will be or is responsible for ar
chiving. In spite of all this
criticism we have some confidence that producers have an historical consciousnes
s, though we think this is more
so the case with producers of thematic materials than with producers of topograp
hic materials.
The state of the process concerning archiving and related problem in various cou
ntries is as follows:
Belgium: The Institut Geographique National is starting to produ
ce digital data sets. However in
solving these problems they are severely hampered by th
e new federal structure.
Denmark: A new society has been formed to which the Working Grou
p for Mapcuratorship has
been invited.
Finland: The National Board of Survey as well as the Geological
Survey are investigating this
problem.
France: This matter is an area of study for the Conseil Nationa
l de l'Information
Geographique' (CNIG) which will publish the Annuaire du
Secteur de l'Information
Geographique en France.
The first SPOT data (satellite images) are fading. Very
expensive transfers have begun
under the responsibility of the publishing company SPOT
Images, which provides both
recent and old data.
A special group has established a Code de Pratique loya
le en matiere d'edition
cartographique, concerned with digital cartography.
Germany: As far as participants know large scale analogue maps w
ill still be produced in the
digital age.
Netherlands: The map curators will initiate discussions with produce
rs, the cartographic society and
other bodies involved.
Norway: The National Archives may create some regulations. Furt
hermore a Mapping Council
will be founded in which landscape historians participa
te. They hope to learn from
experiences in the United Kingdom.
Poland: The Polish Society for Spatial Information is looking i
nto this problem.
Russian Federation: 6 organisations including the National Survey, the Geol
ogical Survey, the Space
Agency are concerned with these problems. Map librarian
s are starting to get involved
with the process.
Slovenia: Governmental mapping institutions are changing to digit
al production processes, but
they are doing so independently from each other.
Spain: The Institut Cartografic de Catalunya will see whether
they can foster communication
with the Institut Geografic National and the Biblioteca
Nacional.
United Kingdom: See above. As a result of the conference about 'The fut
ure history of our landscape' it
was decided that a high-level national group needed to
be formed, and this is currently
examining the situation.
United States: The National Archives of the U.S.A. and Canada issued a
discussion paper on this.
However management of information is not so much a fede
ral care anymore, but is
more and more delegated to the individual states and pr
ovinces.
Participants wonder what the position of ICA (International Cartographic Associa
tion) is on this. Maybe LIBER
should contact them and see what they can come up with.
Though WWW (World Wide Web) puts no constraints to the type of data which can be
viewed there are
difficulties in certain aspects. There are poor data standards and format descri
ptions and there is little access at
present to national topographic or thematic databases. However, librarians can p
lay a role in identifying digital
data sets and can identify 'experts' on this new data.
Some participants think that there is a certain demand for digital data but ther
e is not yet an actual urge by
libraries to provide it on a larger scale. Though spatial information may be ful
ly digitized libraries sometimes
feel they are rather on the fringe of these developments, not actually going thr
ough parallel developments. Some
think that at the moment it cannot be judged in detail how complex the problems
of introducing digital data in
libraries will be.
If map collections take part in disseminating digital spatial data they can choo
se from two possibilities: either
delivering metadata (bibliographical lists, information selection, providing han
dbooks and guidance into the
information market) or (depending on individual resources) buying/subscribing to
data sets and providing direct
access to users up to a certain extent.
A problem is electronic files in a GIS-environment. Map curators must realise th
emselves that, for example
census-files of 1980, are meant to be linked with maps of 1980 to show a true hi
storical image. If in future a
map of 2020 is used then linkage between the two files could be difficult and th
e conclusions could be less valid.
Another vexing problem is how far we should decide to transfer existing analogue
cartographic materials to
digital formats, with special regard to old or antiquarian maps. Scanning these
maps should mean that the
digitised images could provide additional possibilities for using the informatio
n which is incorporated in the
image. As old/antiquarian maps are not true representations of reality in so far
as that they have no reference
to specific projections or geographic grid systems it will be hard to use them a
s overlays for other old or modern
cartographic representations. Though it might be possible to refer certain featu
res on a map to a geographic
grid system this will never will true for the whole.
Some participants question whether the librarian/archivist should have a role in
this process. Or should we let
the user decide the use of the information contained in old maps? If the user de
sires sophisticated means to
manipulate the information, should the library provide the means or should the u
ser provide them? Furthermore
some fear that digitising these old maps might detach them from their cultural/h
istorical context when the
image is 'distorted' by digital means.
When we want to scan maps we have to keep in mind that microfilm gives the reade
r a higher resolution and
thereby a higher quality image. Maybe a good compromise would be the Swiss solut
ion of providing a
microform 'inter-original' which the user can scan if required. This always will
give good results as the scanning
can be done with current technology, preventing constant file-transfers to new r
eleases of soft- and hardware,
with possible loss of information.
The Bibliotheque Nationale de France scans part of its collection through existi
ng colour microfiches. However,
the funding Ministry decides what kind of documents should be scanned. They have
special goals in mind when
funding this scanning:
- to preserve/conserve certain categories of items;
- to make these images available for certain categories of use;
- to create those images for researchers who work in a digital environment.
Besides substituting with digital maps for conservation reasons some think that,
if scanned, the images presently
only can be used as window-frames with catalogue entries in order that the user
gets a concise idea about the
contents of the map, because the resolution cannot compete with the resolution o
f the originals.
One of the duties of a map curator is to advise users what they can do with a ma
p (and what they cannot) and
this is also true in the digital age. Transition to the digital age means upgrad
ing existing knowledge by more or
less formal training. The more sophisticated the digital products, the more trai
ning is involved. We should keep
up with developments within the science of cartography without becoming cartogra
phers ourselves. We should
know what kind of knowledge programmes and GIS can generate for our users withou
t being GIS-specialists.
Some countries already have training programmes running. In France the staff of
the Bibliotheque Nationale de
France follows training in new technologies with the Institut Geographique Natio
nal by exchange of staff.
Belgium and Catalunya are setting up similar programmes. The Russian Federation
is setting up preparatory
courses for staff. In the United Kingdom GIS-courses on different levels are off
ered in the universities. We think
that cartographical departments in universities and cartographical societies sho
uld play a large role in the
transfer of knowledge. The NCGIA (National Centre for Geographic Information and
Analysis, U.S.A.) creates
core-courses for librarians which are available over Internet. We could also use
Internet to evaluate programmes
and GIS, as sometimes is done by American colleagues on the listserver MAPS-L.
The last point of discussion, but not the least important, was the user. Librari
ans select certain sources for
specific user groups, defined by types of requests. This is not different with d
igital material than with analogue,
but presupposes a definite collection development policy. This means that, for e
xample, Internet sources must be
well evaluated before they are presented to the user. However when electronic so
urces fit our collection profile
we must find ways to promote the availability and possible uses of these sources
. Also we must, if necessary,
train users in the use of these electronic sources.
It is felt that the biggest role in the transition is played by the user, as our
development relies largely on user
demands and not so much on what we think is important. But it may be one of our
tasks to formulate reasons
why certain digital sources provide better answers than certain analogue materia
ls.
To fulfil this role the words LINKS and LIMITS surface again. We have to have or
create links with colleagues
in map collections, GIS laboratories and with the producers to be able to survey
and evaluate what is offered. At
the same time we must formulate the role of map collections again and find out w
hich limitations will provide
the best services for our special group of users. The institutional role of the
map collection and the diversity of
its users will affect how easy this will be.
Though international discussion enlighten us it is felt that national centres ar
e needed which bring together map
curators, producers, and users, in order to discuss these matters more thoroughl
y and come to specific
conclusions.
During the LIBER-meeting the participants came to the following conclusion conce
rning networking metadata
of digital maps:
"... The Board of the Groupe des Cartothecaires de LIBER will send a request to
the national/regional Working
Groups for Mapcuratorship through the office of the National Correspondents with
the following content:
- to ask one institution in each country/region to make available part
of a gopher/WWW Home page
for the purpose of creating and maintaining a list of digital cartog
raphic products produced in the
respective countries/regions;
- to create together with producers descriptions of all digital cartog
raphic products produced in the
respective countries/regions;
- to include on the gopher/WWW Home page information concerning lists
in other
countries/regions;
- NOT to prescribe a standard form of description;
- to distribute through the office of the Secretary to all corresponde
nts on which gopher/WWW
Home page this information can be viewed."
I would like to express my thanks to all authors who provided abstracts or full
texts of their papers. This made it
easier to summarize their presentations during the conference. I also would like
to thank all reviewers for their
contributions. I hope this document reflects the essence of the discussions whic
h have taken place during this
conference.
Synopsis
What is striking is that during conferences not only mapcollections were visited
but also map-producers, e.g.
Scan-globe (Denmark), Ordnance Survey (U.K.), Freytag-Berndt & Artaria (Austria)
, Esselte (Sweden), IGN
(France), ICC (Catalunya). In this way we are also kept informed about certain a
spects of map-production in
Europe.
If the question is asked what the impact of this group is we may sum it up as fo
llows. Though not directly
demonstrable I think we can say that the activities of this group have been inst
rumental in the publication of
guides to mapcollections and of national bibliographies, and even more on the fo
rmation of regional and
national working groups for mapcurators. And tentatively there may be in the nea
r future some co-operation in
the field of automation. But mainly that it functions as a platform where mapcur
ators are willing to exchange
experiences and learn from each other.
The mission statement of LIBER
The past few years Europe has been in turmoil. Unified and communal structures i
n central and eastern Europe
are breaking down while at the same time Europe-1992 tries to break down boundar
ies between EC-countries
and unify them more. These opposing developments create much uncertainty and ten
sions. It is felt that if
western/southern Europe is not prepared to help central/eastern Europe a lot of
our common cultural heritage
may be lost. This may also be true for map-collections. LIBER tries to keep abre
ast of developments and tries
to incorporate all of Europe's research libraries into a single body. It is expa
nding its membership from central-
and eastern Europe to the rate of these countries becoming member of the Council
of Europe and thus abiding
by its rules.
Though there have been contacts between western and eastern European mapcurators
they were mainly on a
personal or bi-lateral basis. I hope we can organize in the next 5-10 years a pr
actical programme with which we
can safeguard the eastern European collections as well as establish regular and
open contacts with their
curators, even though we know that our own means are not excessive. Furthermore
the workinggroup will
concentrate its programmes on education, retroconversion and services to the pub
lic, reflecting these on the
programmes of the main LIBER-body and IFLA.
With thanks to Susan Vejlsgaard of the Danish Royal Library Map Room and Monique
Pelletier of the
Bibliotheque Nationale a Paris who both kept a meticulous archive during the ges
tation and first few years of
this group.
Notes
(1) ISBD(CM) = International Standard Bibliographic Description (Cartographic
Materials)
(2) ICA = International Cartographic Association
(3) La difusion y la promocion del material cartografico en Espa_a : texto ela
borado por los miembros de la
Comision del VIIIo congreso de LIBER, Groupe des Cartothecaires, Barcelona
, del 28 de Setiembre al 2
de Octubre de 1992 / Jorid Casadella ... [et al.]. - Barcelona/Madrid : [s
.n.], 1992. - 199 p.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Papers of conferences, arranged to subject, which are published in the Liber Bul
letin (LB), the Liber Quarterly
(LQ) or which will be published shortly (Forth.). The year is the year in which
the conference took place.
ACQUISITION
Archier Edwige et Lucie Lagarde: Enquete sur les acquisition de cartes. LB 15, p
p. 7-18. 1980
Briend, Anne-Marie: Bibliographie cartographique. LB 15, pp. 19-20. 1980
Elliot, James D.: Digital map data: archiving and legal deposit implications for
U.K. copyright map libraries. LQ
2(2), pp. 119-127. 1990
ARCHIVES
Essen, R. van and C. Verlaan: Technical drawings in the reclaimed land. LB 28, p
p. 50-62. 1984
Hoste. Frans E. Ch.: Maps and technical drawings in archives - special problems
and special solutions. LB 28,
pp. 47-49. 1984
Rasmussen, Joergen Nybo: Karten und Zeichnungen im Danischen Reichsarchiv - Prob
leme mit ihrer
Registrierung und Aufbewahrung. LB 37, pp. 79-81. 1986
AUTOMATION
Babik, Wieslaw and Jadwiga Bzinkowska: The state and trends in the computerizati
on of cartographic collections
in Poland. LQ 2(2), pp. 163-168. 1990
Duchemin, Pierre-Yves: BN OPaline - the map database in the Department des Carte
s et Plans de la
Bibliotheque Nationale. History. LQ 3(1), pp. 23-35. 1990
Elliot, James: The British Library Map Library's cartographic materials file. LQ
2(2), pp. 145-161. 1990
Elliot, James: The use of OPACs (Online Public Access Catalogues) in map librari
es. LQ 1, pp.169-174. 1988
Feijen, Martin: Map cataloguing in the PICA environment. LB 22. pp. 11-12. 1984
Morris, Barbara A., R.G. Healey and T.C. Waugh: From map catalogue to database w
ith graphics in view. LB
28, pp. 22-29. 1984
Parkin, Murray: MODMAP, the automation of the UK Ministry of Defence Map Library
card catalogue. LQ
3(1), pp. 67-75. 1992
Smit, Anja: Cartographic material in the Pica library network - system descripti
on. LQ 2(2), pp. 176-191. 1990
Tatham, A.F.: Cartographic materials and 'LIBERTAS'. LQ 2(2), pp. 169-175. 1990
Tyacke, Sarah: Computer-based British Library map records. LB 28, pp. 17-21. 198
4
Velden, G.J.K.M., P.J.M. Douma and J.G. Zandstra: CCK : making cartographic mate
rials accessible. LQ 2(2),
pp. 192-208. 1990
Vries, Dirk de: Automation of a mapcatalogue within the PICA-system: its evident
profits and unsolved
implications. LQ 2(2), pp. 137-143. 1990
BUILDING
Elliot, James: The logistics of moving a map collection. LB 37, pp. 103-110. 198
6
Gunzel, Hermann: Die Entwicklung von Richtlinien fur die Einrichtung von Kartens
ammlungen. LB 37, pp.
89-94. 1986
Wawrik, Franz: Remoddeling of the Map Department and Globe Museum of the Austria
n National Library. LB
28, pp. 63-65. 1984
CATALOGUING
Baarnhielm, Goran: Swedish National Bibliography: maps, plans and problems. LB 2
8, pp. 45-46. 1984
Campbell, Tony: Retroconversion of the British Library's map catalogue - the art
of the possible. LQ 3(1), pp.
1-6. 1992
Clement-Van Alkemade, Riet: Map cataloguing and automation in The Netherlands: f
rom amateur to
professional. LB 28, pp. 13-16. 1984
Davies, Robert and Donals Moore: Cataloguing a large collection of manuscript ma
ps; a system developed at
the National Library of Wales. LB 22, pp. 8-9. 1982
Duchemin, Pierre-Yves: Retroconversion of French cartographic material card cata
logues - an overview of the
situation. LQ 3(1), pp. 37-40. 1992
Milis-Proost, Greta: Experiencing the retro-conversion of the Gent map catalogue
. LQ 3(1), pp. 59-63. 1992
Smits, Jan: Automation and multi-part description. LQ 2(2), pp. 128-136. 1990
Smits, Jan: Frontiers of access to cartographic materials within a repository li
brary. LB 28, pp. 34-39. 1984
Smits, Jan: Report about developments in retroconversion from the Groupe des Car
tothecaires de LIBER. LQ
3(1), pp. 90-96. 1992
Vejlsgaard, Susan: Retro-conversion by keyboarding of the Danish National Biblio
graphy, Cartographic
Materials 1986-1990. LQ 3(1), pp. 97-108. 1992
Vries, Dirk de: Shall we catalogue the map or classify its information? LB 28, p
p. 6-10. 1984
CLASSIFICATION
Archier, Edwige: Les nouvelles regles des mots-matieres utilisees a la Bibliothe
que Nationale de Paris et leur
application aux documents cartographiques, LB 28, pp. 30-33. 1984
Babik, Wieslaw: Pragmatic model of lexical material organization for faceted cla
ssification of cartographic
materials. Forth. 1990
Snellenberg, Han: A comprehensive classification system for cartographic informa
tion. LB 28, pp. 40-44. 1984
COLLECTION
Bzinkowska, Jadwiga: The most valuable cartographic items from the collection of
the Jagiellonian Library and
their impact on scientific research. LQ 1, pp. 185-195. 1988
Colomar Albajar, Maria Antonia: Diffusion et promotion des documents cartographi
ques en Espagne - les
Archives des Indes de Seville (l'A.G.I.). LQ 3(1), pp. 7-22. 1992
Feijao, Maria Joaquina: The Cartographic Department of the Instituto da Bibliote
ca Nacional e do Livro - its
present situation and tendencies. LQ 3(1), pp. 41-51. 1992
Moore Patricia: The Clamorgan Record Office. LB 22, pp. 5-7. 1982
Szykula, Krystyna: The cartographic collection of the Wroclaw University Library
- its nature and usefulness for
readers. LQ 1, pp. 201-210. 1988
CONSERVATION
Baines Cope, A.D.: The conservation of maps. LB 12, pp. 88-97. 1978
Barber, Peter: Binding versus map : conservation problems of a newly discovered
mappemonde - general
considerations. LB 37, pp. 95-101. 1986
Buhler, Jurg: Die Aufbewahrung von Karten in Hangemappen : Erfahrungen mit der V
ertikallagerung von
Karten in der Kartensammlung der ETH-Bibliothek Zurich. LB 37, pp. 63-77.
1986
Cernajsek, Tillfried: Probleme der Aufbewahrung und Konservierung von Karten an
einer kleinen
Fachbibliothek am Beispiel der Bibliothek der Geologischen Bundesanstalt.
LB 37, pp. 53-56. 1986
Danckaert. Lisette: Conservation et tentative de preservation de plans cadastrau
x du XIXe siecle. LB 22, pp.
18-19. 1982
Duranthon, Marc: Mesures de sauvegarde de documents rares a la Cartotheque de l'
Institut Geographique
National a Paris. LB 15, pp. 47-48. 1980
Hohener, Hans-Peter: Die Aufbewahrung der Karten in der Zentralbibliothek Zurich
. LB 37, 57-61. 1986
Lindgren, Margaret: The Department of Maps and Prints at the University Library
of Uppsala; storage and
conservation problems. LB 22, p. 10. 1982
Lindgren, Margareta: New initiatives in Sweden on a national level regarding pap
er and map conservation. LB
37, pp. 21-26. 1986
Milis-Proost, Greta: Map conservation in the University Library of Ghent. LB 37,
pp. 33-36. 1986
Paterson, John: Map conservation in a collection of modern maps: problems and ju
stification (summary). LB 22,
pp. 17. 1982
Pelletier, Monique: Les problemes de conservation au Departement des Cartes et P
lans de la Bibliotheque
National [a Paris]. LB 22, pp. 15-16. 1982
Terrell, Christopher: A system for the storage and display of manuscript charts
on vellum. LB 22, pp. 20-22.
1982
Vejlsgaard, Susan: Our attempts to solve storage and conservation problems at th
e Royal Library Map Room
despite limited space and lack of economic means. LB 37, pp. 27-32. 1986
Vries, Dirk de: Map storage in the new Leiden University Library. LB 37, pp. 45-
51. 1986
Wawrik, Franz: Konservatorische Erwagungen bei der Einrichtung des neuen Globenm
useums der
_sterreichischen Nationalbibliothek. LB 37, pp. 13-20. 1986
EDUCATION
Smits, Jan: Developments in professional schooling for curators of map collectio
ns and topographical-historical
atlases in The Netherlands. LB 37, pp. 1-11. 1986
Wawrik, Franz: Basic and continued training of map curators. LQ 3(1), pp. 109-11
6. 1992
HISTORY
Jacobs, Els M.: Lucas Jansz. Waghenaer Van Enckhuyzen (1533/4-1606): his impact
on maritime cartography.
LB 28, pp. 66-68. 1984
Montaner i Garcia, M. Carme: Organization of seminars on the history of cartogra
phy, as promotion for the
Cartoteca de Catalunya. LQ 3(1), pp. 64-66. 1992
ORGANISATIONS
Bos, E.S.: The Netherlands Society for Cartography (NVK) and its Map Curators' G
roup. LB 28, pp. 4-5. 1984
REPRODUCTION
Goffinet, Patrick: Les archives cartographiques du SHOM : un programme de microf
iches de securite. LB 15,
pp. 35-46. 1980
Goulard, Claude: La microfiche en couleur: mythe ou realite?. LB 15, pp. 49-53.
1980
Pelletier, M.: Map microreproduction : goals and techniques : national and inter
national prospects. LB 12, pp.
98-104. 1978
Pelletier, Monique: Map microfiches in the French National Library : a new progr
amme. LB 37, pp. 83-87. 1986
Ruitinga, Lida: Facsimile maps and atlases and their function in the Map Collect
ion of the University Library of
the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. LQ 3(1), pp. 77-89. 1992
Smits, Jan: The topographic record of The Netherlands 1800-1992 for sale. The Ca
rtographic Journal, journal of
the British Cartographic Society, Vol. 30(1), pp. 30-39. 1992
Tanazacq, Noel: La reproduction des cartes et des plans a la Bibliotheque Nation
ale [a Paris]. LB 15, pp. 31-34.
1980
Tyacke, Sarah: The types of photographic process applied to maps in the British
Library Map Library: a survey
of existing facilities and future developments. LB 15, pp. 21-30. 1980
Wawrik, Franz: Experiments in photographing old globes. LB 15, pp. 54-58. 1980
RESTORATION
Fackelmann, Michael: Das restaurieren von kartographischen Blattern aus Atlanten
. LB 37, pp. 37-44. 1986
Milis-Proost, Greta: Resultats de cinq ans de restauration de cartes a la Biblio
theque Universitaire de Gand. LB
22, pp. 11-14. 1982
SERVICE
Milis-Proost, Greta: Map-use and user habits in the University Library of Gent.
LQ 3(1), pp. 53-58. 1990
Patay, Klara: Map usage in Hungary. LQ 1, pp. 182-184. 1988
Smits, Jan: Report on the 'Inquiry into map-use and user-habits'. LQ 3, pp. 283-
310. 1988
Vries, Dirk de: The map librarian as intermediary between collection and user. L
Q 1, pp. 175-181. 1988
Wawrik, Franz: User policy at the Austrian National Library's collection. LQ 1,
pp. 196-200. 1988
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